LONDON:

Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES and SONS,

Stamford Street.

Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the ancient
State of Europe after the Fall of the Roman Empire

CHAPTER III.

Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the Fall of the Roman Empire

CHAPTER IV.

How the Commerce of the Towns contributed to the

Improvement of the Country

10

30

48

Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign
Countries of such

Goods as can be produced at

Home

CHAPTER III.

. 70

Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all Kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be disadvantageous

140

PART I. Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints

even upon the Principles of the Commercial System Digression concerning Banks of Deposit, particularly concerning that of AMSTERDAM

ibid.

150

166

184

193

222

PART I. Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies 275

PART II. Causes of the Prosperity of new Colonies

PART III. Of the Advantages which Europe has

derived from the Discovery of America, and from

that of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of

Good Hope

CHAPTER VIII.

Conclusion of the Mercantile System

289

331

416

CHAPTER IX.

Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of

Political Economy, which represent the Produce of

Land as either the sole or the principal Source of the

Revenue and Wealth of every Country

449

sistence from the country. We must not, however, upon this account, imagine that the gain of the town is the loss of the country. The gains of both are mutual and reciprocal, and the division of labour [employments] is in this, as in all other cases, advantageous to all the different persons employed [engaged] in the various occupations into which it is subdivided. The inhabitants of the country purchase of the town a greater quantity of manufactured goods, with the produce of a much smaller quantity of their own labour, than they must have employed had they attempted to prepare them themselves. The town affords a market for the surplus produce of the country, or what is over and above the maintenance of the cultivators, and it is there that the inhabitants of the country exchange it for something else which is in demand among them. The greater the number and revenue of the inhabitants of the town, the more extensive is the market which it affords to those of the country; and the more extensive that market, it is always the more advantageous to a great number. The corn which grows within a mile of the town, sells there for the same price with that which comes from twenty miles' distance. But the price of the latter must generally, not only pay the expense of raising and bringing it to market, but afford too the ordinary profits of agriculture to the farmer. The proprietors and cultivators of the country, therefore, which lies in the neighbourhood of the town, over and above the ordinary profits of agriculture, gain,