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CHAPTER XI.
Poor laws
Great deficiency of employment for labourers in Connaught
Statement of the very small proportion employed in the Union of
Milford, County of Donegal
Page
192
193
194
Great number of helpless poor, widows, orphans, &c.
Can the poor-law be worked throughout Ireland?
195
How is the unemployed population of the West to be supported?
Reference to Statistical Tables of the Annual Value of Property
liable to be rated for Poor-rate in England and Ireland
Great difference between the two countries, as respects their capa-
bility of supporting the poor
196
197
Nevertheless, the greater part of Ireland well able to support its
poor
198*
Very doubtful whether the unions along the Western coast can
Immediate lessors liable for the poor-rate on holdings valued at
£4 and under
201
If arrears be re-assessed and stringently enforced, some districts
will be pauperized.
202
Will the poor-law confiscate the estates of embarrassed proprietors?
Irish poor-law nearly similar to that of England in this respect .
The law might be altered so as effect a confiscation; but would this
be good policy?
While assistance should be afforded to some places, payment of
rates should be enforced from all solvent parties
205
Some electoral divisions even in the West able to support their poor
Our feelings instinctively prompt us to relieve the distress around
Important that the able-bodied should be supported by labour
Resolutions of Limerick Grand Jury
211
It appears advisable that the districts for taxation should be smaller
Townlands have been suggested, but are unsuitable, being the
212
opposite extreme
Reference to a case of peculiar hardship.
213
Poor-law Commissioners have power to vary the size of unions and
Clearances of estates will go on under any system, and can only
be met by a law of settlement
218
Settlement clause in Poor-law Act of last session
219
Question of settlement considered.
220
Power of removal considered-present law often inflicts great
hardships on Irish poor in England
221
Union rating would not enable the property of Ireland to support
its poverty
If one part of the empire suffer beyond its local means, it is
The Eastern counties of Ireland cannot be properly called on to
assist those in the West
226
Supposed case of Manchester in the event of a failure of the
cotton crop
Difficulty of efficient management under present arrangements 230
Some assistance necessary; continuation of the appointment of
inspecting officers proposed
.
231
A poor-law guardian should be disqualified, if his rates remain
unpaid .
232
A*
Proposal of assessing the landlord for his portion of the rate con-
sidered
233
234
Poor-law, unless well administered, may do much harm
For efficient management, a middle class required
Security of property and freedom in the sale and transfer of land
the best means of raising up a middle class
CHAPTER XII.
Recent legislation has given increased facilities for conducting
mercantile affairs.
235
The public are prepared for further progress in the same direction
The principles of free-trade should be extended to land
This will best meet the various difficulties of Ireland
Some of the difficulties existing in the South and West stated
Same features exist in other parts, though in a lesser degree
236
237
239
Want of security as respects title to, and possession of land, the
main difficulty
240
This is felt by both the proprietor and the tenant
A large proportion of the land is entailed
241
The landlord has little interest in improving an entailed estate,
even though able to do so
Difficult position of an embarrassed proprietor
The country suffers in consequence
Injurious mode of providing for younger children
Note on this subject
If the heir assist his father in charging the estate for this purpose,
a debt is commenced which frequently results in ruining the
family
Permanency of property in land a great social advantage. Legislation cannot contravene the laws of Providence, which render prosperity dependent on prudence
And acts upon the tenantry in a way which endangers the peace
of the country
Effects of entails in interfering with the exercise of parental
authority
There are limits to the power of an owner over his land
It has been already limited by law
Inability to grant leases injurious to towns
Case of Birkenhead cited, to show the beneficial effects of a free
sale of land
247 7
24 8
24
249
Poor rates, &c. fall wholly on the landlord, the mortgagee not
being called on to pay any portion
How is employment to be provided for the able-bodied?
Government must supply the capital necessary, or the land must
be sold to those who have the means of employing the people
With freedom of sale and transfer, and security and simplicity of
title, this object will be effected
250
251
The future prospects of the country depend on the mode in which
this crisis is met
254
Bill of last session for the sale of encumbered estates
It is much better that estates should be sold, than administered
under the courts
257
Tenure by lives renewable for ever a serious grievance
259
The remedy is to convert such tenures into perpetuities
System of intermediate interests or middlemen, an evil which
needs a remedy
The head landlord can distrain for the rent of the whole from any
part of the property
262
Large proportion of land leased in perpetuity
Remedy proposed to enable the holder of such a lease to pur-
chase the fee
Present scale of stamp duties discourages the sale of land in small
portions
Note respecting the value of the Ordnance Maps for this purpose
265
Such a system of registration would render transfers much less
costly
266
No class of yeomanry in Ireland
267
Importance of increasing the number of those who hold land in
fee.
Reference to the experience of other countries
268
The small farms in Belgium compared with those in Ireland
278
Belgian superiority results from security
279
Instance of the extraordinary industry of squatters on a mountain
common in Ireland
280
Note on this subject.
282
Opinion of Arthur Young as to the effect of property in land
Prussia has made more progress since 1815 than during the pre-
ceding hundred years
285
Example of Prussia is peculiarly in point
Effects of property in land in promoting feelings of loyalty
Independent character of yeomanry or small landed proprietors
French law of compulsory subdivision considered
286
287
It is a law of entail in favour of all the children
As much opposed to freedom as our legislation
Freedom the grand and simple principle advocated by the writer
With freedom of sale, estates of all sizes will exist
288
All ranks will be found among the landed proprietors .
Individual interests will best determine the amount of subdivision
Beneficial effects of intermingling small and large farms
Peasantry of France stated by Inglis to be the happiest in Europe
Honesty of the French
Facility of purchasing land in small portions enhances its price.
291