for frames. Any such interference is against Free Trade, and we have only to follow out the principle' to come at last to Mormonism, Fourierism, St Simonism, Proudhonism, and polygamy.'

In one night the House of Commons talked twenty-nine columns of the Times, 4,525 lines-or one line of 1,000 feet in length. The 270,000 types composing the report would, set end to end, reach as high as the Himalaya.

THE LABOUR PARLIAMENT (of some forty delegates from London, Birmingham, Nottingham, Exeter, Newcastle, and towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire) has put out its programme, appointed its executive committee, and adjourned. A labour fund is to be raised by a weekly levy on wages, and applied to the support of men on strike, to the purchase of one million acres of land, to purchasing or building coöperative stores, model lodging houses, &c., and to the establishment of life assurances for the benefit of the subscribers. The following is the proclamation of the Executive:

Fellow-workers !—For every pound you allow us to invest in organizing our movement we promise you a hundred in return. Subscribe! subscribe! subscribe! Send us up your funds.

Joseph Hogg, James Finlen, John Williams, George Harrison, Abraham Robinson, -Executive Committee; Ernest Jones,-Honorary Member?'

An excellent investment that, if sure, and might obviate the necessity of Mr Petzler's ten millions emigrating on a given day. O Earnest Jones!

MISCELLANEOUS.-From odd items we pick these:

The Tzar has confiscated the Petersburg effects of the English Ambassador, for which the Times calls him an 'imperial housebreaker' and 'a pickpocket': telling truth for once. Emperors and thieves at par!

Two war-steamers manufactured for Russia and some large amount of powder for the same have been seized and very properly confiscated (not in the name of Free Trade) by the authorities; and Mr Bernal Osborne, for the Government, has acquitted Messrs. Sturgeon, the contractors, of any intentional fraud in supplying the army with hay unfit for use. Packed juries! Prince Czartoryski and Lord Dudley Stuart's Literary Society of the Friends of Aristocratic Poland have had a dinner instead of their annual dance. The dinner was unusually good even for the London Tavern.'

The Republican Poles and Italians (Manin and Pianciani speaking for the latter) have denied the possibility of any transaction between the Republicans and the Tzar Napoleon. Poland and Italy will not ask leave of the Cabinets. Garibaldi has been visiting Newcastle-on-Tyne, going there for coals in his ship, the Commonwealth, bound from Baltimore to Genoa. Mr Joseph Cowen, junior, and the Tyneside friends of European Freedom, took the opportunity to present him with a sword, a telescope, and an address of sympathy.

The protest of 3,000 clergymen of Massachusets against the introduction of slavery into the Nebraska territory has not been received by the Senate-one dissentient voice being sufficient for its exclusion. Free America!

Gold has been found in Ceylon and Sonthern Africa; the Japanese are opening their ports 'to all nations'; and China is being un-Tartared and Christianized.

THE MAUDLIN PICKLE.'

Read this in your market-places and in your chambers on the 29th of May; and let Englishmen know for what the Commonwealth was overthrown. Read this extract from Pepys' Diary:

'Pierce do tell me, amongst other news, the late frolic and debauchery of Sir Charles Sedley and Buckhurst running up and down all the night, almost naked, through the streets and at last fighting, and being beat by the watch and clapped up all night; and how the king takes their parts; and my Lord Chief Justice Keeling hath laid the constable by the heels to answer it next sessions; which is a horrid shame. Also how the king and these gentlemen did make the fiddlers of Thetford, this last progress, to sing them all the obscene songs they could think of. That the king was drunk at Saxam with Sedley, Buckhurst, &c. the night that my Lord Arlington came thither, and would not give him audience, or could not which is true, for it was the night that I was there and saw the king go up to his chamber, and was told that the king had been drinking. He tells me that the king and my Lady Castlemaine are quite broke of, and she is gone away, and is with child, and swears the king shall own it; and she will have it christened in the chapel at White Hall so, and owned for the king's, as other kings have done; or she will bring it into White Hall gallery, and dash the brains of it out before the king's face. He tells me that the king and court were never in the world so bad as they are now, for gaming, swearing, women, and drinking, and the most abominable vices that ever were in the world; so that all must come to nought.

:

Why," says he, "if you are, let us Then he fell on his knees and drank "Nay, sir," says Armerer, "by God

They came to Sir G. Carteret's house at Cranbourne, and there were entertained, and all made drunk; and being all drunk, Armerer did come to the king, and swore to him by God, "Sir," says he, "you are not so kind to the duke of York of late as you used to be."- "Not I?" says the king. "Why so?"drink his health."-" Why, let us," says the king. it; and having done, the king began to drink it. you must do it on your knees." So he did, and then all the company: and having done it, all fell a-crying for joy, being all maudlin and kissing one another: the king the duke of York, and the duke of York the king; and in such a maudlin pickle as never people were and so passed the day.'

This is the beast that slew the martyrs for English liberty, cutting out their bowels while they were yet alive. This is the gracious prince that dug the bodies of Blake and Cromwell's old mother out of their graves. Go to church and thank God for the unspeakable mercy' of the Restoration!

COLLECT FOR THE DAY.

'O Lord God of our salvation, who hast been exceedingly gracious unto this land, and by thy miraculous providence didst deliver us out of our miserable confusions, by restoring to us, and to his own just and undoubted Rights, our then most gracious Sovereign Lord, King Charles the Second, notwithstanding all the power and malice of his enemies; and, by placing him on the Throne of these Kingdoms, didst restore also anto us the publick and free profession of thy true Religion and Worship, together with our former Peace and Prosperity, to the great comfort and joy of our hearts,' &c.

NATIONALITY.

HEN Curius Dentatus in his second consulship was holding a levy preparatory to meeting Pyrrhus in the field, and a momentary hesitation about enlistment was manifest among the people, he ordered the name of a tribe to be taken by lot, and then the name of one of its members, also drawn by lot, to be called. The man thus summoned not appearing, Curius directed his property to be seized and publicly sold, and on the delinquent's hastening forward to appeal to the Tribunes against the Consul, the latter commanded him also to be sold, declaring that the Commonwealth had no need of a citizen who would not perform his duty of citizenship. The Roman understood the meaning of patriotism: the duty of the individual to the Nation.

In our day a man flings off his country as if it was an old shoe, with as little conscience as if in the first instance he had chosen it for a mere whim and now might discard it at his caprice.

Thomas Francis Meagher renounces 'his allegiance to the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland of whom he is now a subject'; Kossta, Hungarian-born, is protected by America on account of his supposed right of American citizenship; Lord Brougham petitions the French authorities to make a Frenchman of him and not a whit less English; Messrs Sturgeon cheat their country as they would not venture to cheat a Yankee private customer; powder is supplied to Russia, war steamers are built for Russia, by English traders; and 'free trade,' 'peace,' and the individual right of voluntary action, are all appealed to for the disregard of patriotic duty.

Is the duty to one's country to be so shirked? Is there any such thing as duty? should rather be the question. If there is duty, how shall it be

shown?

He

Did Meagher really owe allegiance to the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland? We trow not. But owing none, there was nothing to renounce. did owe allegiance to Great Britain and Ireland. Say Ireland only. Upon what ground? Simply that he was an Irishman born and bred. He was the growth of Ireland. He belonged to Ireland. My country is not the country belonging to me, but the country to which I belong. If Meagher ever owed allegiance to Ireland it was on this ground, not at all a matter of his own choice, but a duty imposed upon him at his birth. Born Irish he will die Irish, whatever he may call himself. He may be dutiful or undutiful: an Irish patriot or an Irish rebel (for the only real rebellion is treason against one's country) but he will never be an American. Even slave-souled John Mitchel can not manage that.

Kossta did not pretend to deny that he was Hungarian. He denied only the right of Austria or of an Austrian tyrant over Hungary. He, the Hungarian, in his duty to Hungary, was at war with the Austrian usurper. He pretended not to claim American citizenship as an escape from his Austrian allegiance. He claimed the help of the stranger who had no rights over him, against an enemy who would usurp a right over him. Captain Ingraham's ground of American citizenship was untenable. Kossta could not be an American citizen, though the whole Union should acclaim him. He is Kossta the Hungarian. Born and to die Hungarian. On the ground of humanity, stepping between the tyrant and his victim, America had right of interference. No pretence of citizenship was needed to justify that. No claim of citizenship could justify it.

If there is such a thing as duty, how shall it be shown? The highest duty is the duty to Humanity. But how accomplish that duty if you neglect those very organizations of Humanity which are the means of dutifulness? If a man neglects his duty to his Family, he is neglecting the Nation of which that Family is a component part. If he neglects his duty to that larger family—his Nation, he neglects the world of which the Nation is a part. Acknowledge duty, and you can no more throw out of view the Country than you can throw off Family or Humanity. You may as well neglect one as the other, and all

as one.

True, there are what seem exceptional cases: cases in which the Family must be sacrificed to the Country, the Country forsaken for Humanity. Wherever the higher right, the more important duty, there, if rights and duties clash,' is the man bound.

My first duty is to my own nature: to perfect that. For what? Merely for my own sake? Are sun and moon and stars, this globe and all that it contains, are all the hosts of heaven, and all powers of past and present, but my servants, to perfect ME? Am I God then, to be so self-sufficient? Rather is my nature to be perfected that I may be the abler servant of God, aud of God's Humanity, through which alone I can render service to Him. So soon as I am able to serve I am bound to serve. My Family are there next to me for my first service. Not because they are mine, my possession,--but because I am theirs, in virtue of having power to serve them, the nearest part of God's Humanity. Through them I serve my Country ;-through my Country the human family-that country of countries.

Some day may come in which my duty may no longer be to train up the young citizens for the State, some day in which the happy home-life I offer as the best worth with which I can serve and example my Country may no longer be best service. There is war upon our borders, and whoso can bear arms must leave wife and children, to drive back the invader. If I stay at home, who will not call me traitor? The universal conscience answers. The voice of the people is the voice of God. Every tongue brands me as a traitor. How so, if my Country has not a right to my devotion?

But suppose the Country is an aggressor, the war unjust? The Country, blinded with passion, depraved by lust of gain, still claims me as its soldier.

As my duty to my Family is but a part of duty to my Country, so duty to my Country is but a part of duty toward Humanity. The unjust war is a wrong to Humanity. Not that I am less dutiful to my Country, but that the higher duty is to Humanity. Nay, is not my refusal to take part in that great wrong the best service I can render even to my Country? Are there not times in which such 'rebellion' is a duty?

When the American Legislature orders its subjects to kidnap men, to be guilty of the highest of all crimes and treasons, then to rebel against that order becomes the duty of every honest citizen. It can never be any man's duty to do wrong. It is for the sake of Truth and the realization of Truthwhich is Right-that I owe a duty to my Family, duty to my Country, duty to my generation, duty unto the human future.

For such honest and right rebellion my Country may cast me out. What then? Let me serve my Country even against its will. I may influence it even from without. My Country may hinder me from fulfilling a citizen's duty; it can not absolve me from the duty, it can not hinder continual attempt. The natural tie between us can not be severed. As to some tyranny which is not the Country, that is altogether beyond the question. Kossta was not exiled by his country, but by the Austrian. Meagher never believed that Ireland exiled him. Why then did he break with Ireland? It is only poor piratical Paul Jones that quarrels with his country for some private pique.

Is an adopted home then impossible? It can never be more than secondary. Say that Meagher, driven from Ireland, taking refuge in America, seeks as an American citizen to serve Humanity, having no opportunity now of acting as an Irish citizen. The no opportunity now is his only justification. In some few years perhaps Ireland would recall him, will demand back her citizen and his service. Has he the right of renouncing Ireland? Can he be citizen of two lands at once, like clever Lord Brougham? And the two lands perhaps at war.

Sentence of exile, residence however long in the place of refuge, laws of naturalization: none of these things can overthrow the natural right or destroy the law of duty. Men may pass laws; but the law of God remains unaltered. The emigrants who would found a new nation are no exception to the rule. English colonies are English. But the Colony grows into the Nation as the child into the man. It has thenceforth its own character, its own ideal of life, its own nationality. It does not renounce the parent nationality; it outgrows it. But America renounced it.' True! So sometimes by ill-conduct the father drives out the boy from home. That is not the natural course. Nor is it good. The boy is not a man therefore. America suffers for its prematurity. But free-traders, peacemen, and voluntaryists, object to our doctrine. The assertion of the individual right is all-sufficient for them. Let us see where this supremacy of the individual would lead us.

Trade is, properly speaking, the exchange of the world's material wealth. That can not be too free. Clearly though, the freedom is for the world's benefit, not on account of the individual carriers. The good of the community is the ground of the freedom. It is a contradiction to ask any freedom beyond