Grand Duke's esteemed Minister, who went bowing up the staircase of the Pitti Palace, would reign there as master after having ousted the Sovereign by treachery! Who, too, could believe that Baron Ricasoli, who went in 1849 to fetch back the Grand Duke after he had been driven from Tuscany by the revolution, and who received the Cross of Marie-Thérèse for this deed, was the same man who, now a traitor, has just driven the Grand Duke away!

The revolution in Tuscany ended, I received orders from Count Cavour to go with my agents to Parma.

The committee of Parma, composed of Santelli, St. Vitali, Melussi, David, and Torregiani, came to meet me as soon as they heard that I was approaching the town. At a café at St. Hilare we made our plans for barricading the whole town. Mattei, the Chief of Police, and General Trotti, who commanded ten thousand men, with whom he might have fired grape-shot into us, had sold themselves to the Turin Government and made no attempt to prevent anything.

The Grand Duchess Marie de Bourbon, awaking one fine morning, found herself surrounded by revolutionists, had her carriage brought out, and wended her way to Mantua, to place herself under the protection of the Austrian cannons.

Count Cantelli, the Mayor of Parma in 1848, condemned to death for having raised an insurrection,

and for having appropriated eighty thousand francs of the municipal funds, had been pardoned by the Grand Duchess. As an acknowledgment of so much generosity, Cantelli again became a conspirator, in 1859, to try and dethrone his benefactress.

In the Duchy of Modena things went on as at Florence and Parma. Messieurs Carbonieri, Zini, Mayer, and Chiesi were the leaders who received me and whom I had to obey.

The Duke of Modena, instead of marching against the insurgents, crossed the Po, and went over to the Austrian bayonets.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

MASSIMO D'AZEGLIO.

WHILST I was on my way to the Duchy of Parma with my staff to make arrangements with Count Cantelli, and to Modena to fulfil the mission I have just spoken of, Victor Emmanuel was appointing his cousin, the Prince of Savoy, Lieutenant-General of the kingdom, and placing himself and his army, which was encamped at Saint-Moritz, under the orders of the Emperor of the French, who had modestly assumed the title of Generalissimo of the Franco-Italian armies. I may add that this double title did not prevent the mighty ally from being watched by Cavour's agents as long as he stayed in Italy. In return for several more or less permissible favours, Hyrvoi, Inspector of the Imperial Camp, although paid from the French budget, never failed to report to my agents anything that took place in the tent of the French commander.

While the army was working to the front, whip

ping the Austrians at Castigio and Montebello, and preparing the way for the victories of Magenta and Solferino, the police and the committees organized by Cavour were dethroning the kinglets of Central Italy. The French army was making giant strides towards Northern Italy.

At Montebello, Palestro, Magenta, and Solferino brilliant victories crowned the flags of the two nations. The peace of Villefranca came to cool the enthusiasm of the army, and leave unfinished Napoleon's programme: "Italy free from the Alps to the Adriatic."

On hearing this news Count Cavour sent me with Massimo d'Azeglio into Romagna, then he tendered his resignation and retired to Geneva. Rattazzi

replaced him, while I directed my steps, accompanied by the King's representative, to Bologna, which city had at the instigation of Pepoli's committees driven out the clerical authorities, lowered the arms of the Pope's soldiers, and put Italian ones in their place.

I accompanied this Commissioner, who re-entered the city on a carpet of flowers. Flags with Savoyard devices united with velvet and silk, draped by the Romagnols, to show their joy. The entire city was in a state of excitement difficult to describe. Shouts, songs, music, could be heard in the streets, where the Bolognese might now walk freely without fear of the Austrian police, who had been tyrannizing

over them since 1815. When night arrived a mob of people, most of them revolutionists who had been freed during the day, rushed through the streets crying, "I lumi!" (lights!)

The windows lighted up as if by enchantment, and if perchance any good citizen disobeyed the Piedmontese revellers, he was then and there taken to prison, and often his house was pillaged.

Encouraged by the almost universal obedience they met with throughout the city, the Bologna sans culottes proceeded to the Bishop's Palace. His Eminence, Monsignor Viale, a countryman of mine, was then a Cardinal, and occupied the Archiepiscopal Palace. Being the author of the concordat, he was openly hated by the revolutionists, who, to punish him for his clerico-Bourbonic principles, screamed "I lumi!" in chorus at his door.

Seeing that His Eminence did not obey, they climbed the railings of the courtyard, and advanced towards the staircase, as if to enter the house.

I was with Monsignor. Being a countryman of his, I had been to pay my respects to him, and had remained to dinner. But-and herein lies the spy's real talent-I had also sneaked into the enemy's camp.

I went to the head of the stairs with a pistol in one hand and a dagger in the other, and addressed them: "So this is the use you make of your liberty the first day it is given you? You wish to force one