energy and vigour, but it is not difficult to perceive that the exercise of them is forced on him, and that he preferred stillness to the rough and violent swing. His speeches exhibit a brilliant torrent of declamation, sparkling with happy metaphors, that occasionally rise to bold images-observation, reflection, and morality; but we do not see that which is the soul of real eloquence, which we admire so much in Demosthenes the resistless strength and overwhelming energy of reasoning which nothing can withstand. What has he to oppose to the infinite art and magnificent rhetoric of Cicero? Severe and simple, he indulges in no glowing tropes, no splendid similes; imagination and fancy appear beyond his reach-wit or humour he had none-his language was any thing but captivating. In what then did his power consist? In the fulness of the love for his country-in the dignity of his sentiments which sprang from that admiration, and which, instead of being cold philosophical deductions, as in Cicero, mere graces and ornaments of style-were the result of active principles, which were enwoven with his spirit, and lay deep in his structure. His intense passion and argument -for, notwithstanding Lord Brougham's adverse opinion, he was argumentative-sprang from his integrity and truth. He did not, like Cicero, pander to the vices of his countrymen he tells them facts, wholesome but unwelcome facts.

"When, O men of Athens, will you do what you ought? No doubt when something shall happen-when some necessity shall exist? Why, in what light do you view your present situation? Are you content to go about the market-place, and inquire of each other, What news? Is Philip dead? No, by heavens, but he is sick! And how does that concern you? For were this Philip to die, you would soon raise up to yourselves another Philip, if this be your mode of attending to affairs. For he has not elevated himself so much by his own power as by your sloth."

deur or boldness to his mind. His art is essentially different from Cicero's. He confided in himself alone, and squared all things to his conception of what was right. Treason surrounded him on every side; he was sure of none, and trusted none. His soul was set on liberty-to it all other considerations were sacrificed, and in its behalf he did not hesitate to assail the profound reverence of the Athenians for their oracles. The three simple words "The Pythoness Philippizes"-seem to us sublime beyond conception; they show the man-the frank, the daring, the truth-telling patriot, who attacked the most venerable of ancient institutions, because it undermined liberty. Would Cicero have done so? From these observations we may see why the eloquence of both was so unlike. Cicero's brilliancy was all foreign and adventitious, introduced for the purpose of display and ornament, rather than naturally springing from the subject. His art was wholly at the surface, merely skin deep; the heart had nothing to do with it. He drew only on his imagination, and left behind no solid impressions. He delights and dazzles us with the singular beauty of his style, and the inexhaustible fluency and melodious rhythm of his diction. He sometimes engages our affections by vivid or touching appeals; but we admire the orator more than the cause; the one is thrown into the background, the other put forward in bold and prominent relief. Cicero never said, or did, or thought of anything but himself. Cicero was Cicero's idol; and the result is, that his orations are everywhere disfigured by this irremediable vanity. We could pardon a few instances, but the incessant repetition fatigues and disgusts. Just as remarkable is the extraordinary abstinence of Demosthenes-he is nothing, the cause is everything. The foreground is occupied by the freedom of his country; to that you are riveted-it meets you everywhere. Catiline and his consulship were not oftener on Cicero's lips, than glory and liberty on the lips of Demosthenes. He is never personally intrusive, and it is only with the greatest reluctance he ventures to speak of his services. His modesty was extreme—an attribute of genius to which Cicero has little claim. In his great orations he gets rid of his own pretensions as rapidly as possible; his administration is always delicately and effectively touched. How often would Cicero's archonship be lugged in! How often would he spangle himself?

Cicero would as soon cut out his tongue as speak such stern truths; but the fault is, perhaps, less attributable to his own than the Roman character. A bad cause is a poor incentive to eloquence; but if Cicero dare not blame he should not praise. He was for ever holding up the cup of eulogy to the lips of his corrupt countrymen; he never crossed their stubborn complacency with a condemnatory word. Not so Demosthenes. If his countrymen were not virtuous, The well-known passage in Longinus the fault was not his, for his sublime elo- describes the powers of both most happily. quence was not more directed against their "The sublimity of the one consists in his public than their private vices. He was a abruptness, that of the other in his diffusesatirist on a splendid scale. In him, purity, ness. Our countryman (Demosthenes) from freedom, and honour, were real substances the force, the fire, and mighty vehemence, that may be felt and handled. Herein lay with which he bears down all before him, his superiority over Cicero and all other may be compared to a storm or thunderbolt; orators and statesmen that ever existed; while Cicero is a lambent flame, which, his greatness was personal-all the circum- spreading around, feeds upon and consumes stances and changes that ever took place everything as it advances, and maintains its could not have imparted additional gran-destructive energy, nourished and supported

from time to time by the fuel of various the first Catiline. In Demosthenes, passion, kinds with which it is continually supplied persuasion, and argument went together. in its progress." Cicero's eloquence is like Cicero had strong claims to the two firsta consular triumph-he is himself the most none at all to the last. We admire Cicero conspicuous figure in the procession, which and Chatham-we admire and love Grattan is swollen with the grandeur and riches of and Demosthenes. conquered provinces. Demosthenes is the

A SCENE IN MALAGA.*

terrible sweep of a vast body of cavalry. Cicero's oratory was local, fitted only to the audience-in Athens it would not be tolerated. Demosthenes was for the whole earth, and at all times. In Rome he would be as resistless as he was at Athens; and had he lived in our practical days, we imagine Lord BY MAJOR HORT, OF THE EIGHTY-FIRST REGIMENT• Brougham would not have it all his own way. With all his lordship's tact, energy, THERE is scarcely an Englishman who, in and argument, he would have found more the present age of steam and velocity of than a rival in the old Greek, notwithstanding travelling, has not deposited himself and the accumulated knowledge and experience portmanteau on board one of the many hunof twenty-two centuries. We agree with dred vessels daily leaving the Thames for Hume, that his eloquence would be as con- the Mediterranean, and instead of sauntering vincing in the British senate as it was in away his time in the libraries of Margate and the popular assemblies. What does Lord Ramsgate, listening to the squalling voice of Brougham mean by saying that it was not some "infant phenomenon,' or "precocious practical? In all the writings of Demos- genius," and at the same time losing his thenes there is not a declamatory page or money in raffles to obtain prizes wholly deeven sentiment. The eloquence of reason is void of utility, now speeds his way towards a lofty phrase, and a just one, though often Lisbon and Cadiz, and frequently extending misapplied. No eloquence worthy the name his voyage to the Rock of Gibraltar, considcan be without reason. If it consists of cold ers his wanderings as but half completed deductions, unimpassioned sentiments, ela- without strolling through the beautiful borate periods, without fire, harmony, or Alameda of Malaga, or gazing with admibeauty, that is not the eloquence of Demos-ration and awe at the elaborately decorated thenes, or any other eloquence. It is a frigid" Patios" of the Alhambra. and spurious rhetoric, which assumes the Ten days from London, and frequently a name of "practical," when it has no other lesser period than a week from Falmouth, merit to recommend it. But if practical suffices to carry the adventurer to Gibraltar, eloquence consist in appealing to the under- including a sufficiency of time allowed on standing, not by sophisms and syllogisms, the voyage for enjoying a cursory glance at but in simply stating facts and urging their Lisbon and Cadiz. So far the veriest cockadoption or rejection by all the resources of ney within sound of Bow bells may journey art, we do not see, then, why Demosthenes without hindrance or interruption; the steam should be excluded from his lordship's vessels are manned by Englishmen, the pascharmed circle. If ever man's eloquence sengers from home are mostly of the same was practical and ratiocinative, that of De-nation, and until the traveller leaves the Rock mosthenes was So. According to Lord in a Spanish boat, and ploughs the deep blue Brougham's definition, nothing more is necessary than a long chain of inductions, a bundle of sorites, in which the first term may be predicated of the last; and here is the Once, however, with the Straits behind, essence of modern oratory. Close reasoning and rapidly fading in the fast-increasing disis, no doubt, a powerful element of success, tance, everything assumes a different hue; but a little more is necessary. What would the vessel is much smaller, and consequently it be without the power of heaving men's far less convenient than the English steamminds? Reason will find a more ready ers; the accommodation bad, the provido's access when the natural stubbornness of man department capable of considerable improveis softened. All the subtlety of the ancient ment, the sallow complexion of the passenschools would strive in vain to unsettle long-gers disown them as the children of our faconceived opinions; and where prejudice has ther-land and the language which on all resisted cold and close argumentation, it has sides assails the ear of the wanderer gives yielded to the assaults of a warm and influ-little intimation of the sense of the speaker's encing eloquence. Let an appeal be first conversation: in fact, all and everything made to generosity, or patriotism, or national around is Spanish; and if the aspiring traglory, and reasoning will then tell with double force. Thus Demosthenes conquered. He never trusted to the feelings like Cicero, who was always greatest and most admired when he produced a sudden and violent im pression; for instance, in the case of the *The circumstances here narrated occurred but crucified Roman soldier, or the exordium of a short time since.

waves of the Mediterranean, his own lan guage is sufficient to carry him through all difficulties, and amply provide for his wants.

veller has not made himself in some degree conversant with the tongue, or, what is still better, provided himself with a companion versed in the ways and customs of the people,

it would be far more advantageous to himself were he to turn his steps towards his old summer-quarters at Margate, rather than boldly dare the dangers of a foreign clime.

It is not, however, always the stranger who meets with disagreeable adventures and mishaps, for very frequently the Spanish " cabal. lero" himself is made to deliver over part of his worldly possessions, at the risk of being anatomized with a sharp-bladed cuchillo in case of refusal. In brief, not many months have passed away since a gentleman, who for years had been resident at Gibraltar, and whose knowledge of the Spanish language was perfect, encountered a meeting with two natives of Andalusia, and that, moreover, in the very heart of a populous city, which was any thing but agreeable while it lasted, and had well-nigh proved fatal in its result.

Malaga was the scene of my friend's adventure, and bade fair to witness his last; but finally his better genius prevailed, and he escaped from the knives of the assassins. Gentle reader, have you ever visited Malaga? If not, a view of the town from its beautiful and placid bay will well repay the troubles of your journey. There is something about Malaga which to my imagination, has ever appeared more attractive than many larger and far more magnificent Spanish towns; the picturesque appearance of the old fort, towering over the many-coloured buildings beneath, and the massive walls and still unfinished turrets of the cathedral, cannot fail to attract the attention of all travellers. The latter edifice is a stupendous pile; it was commenced by Philip II., and in all probability will be completed-never; certainly not as long as the abuses exist in every department of this misgoverned and distracted Spain.

The interior of the building is, in point of size, truly magnificent; and had the plan and intentions of the original projector been carried on and executed by his successors, it would have ranked as one of the finest cathedrals in the country.

The time to visit Malaga is in the fruit season; then it is, more particularly than at any other period, than the streets and quays are crowded with persons, all engaged in freighting the vessels in the bay with the produce of the neighbouring soil. Wines of many descriptions, far too various to enumerate, and boxes upon boxes of the far-famed raisins, meet you at the turning of every street, while huge baskets of figs and enormous packets of lavender wend their way from out the various storehouses of the merchants, and are borne along to one common goal, the quay. And then the pleasures of a quiet stroll down the broad pathways of the shady Alameda, when the cool evening breeze springing up is so gratefully hailed by those who have been compelled to undergo the burning heat of the mid-day sun-the handsome houses on either side of the well-filled promenade, the plashing of the fountains, the sound of the distant guitar, the gay apparel of the men, and, above all, the bright eyes of the beauti

ful women-all tend to cast an influence over the senses, which we never can experience during an evening ramble through the most celebrated of any of our country towns. It was on such an evening, and after having enjoyed the pleasure of gazing on the various animated groups that slowly sauntered by, that my friend, warned by the thick shadows of evening fast closing around, should have prepared to leave the rapidly thinning walks: lights were beginning to glimmer through the curtained lattices of the lofty ventanas, party after party disappeared, and in a brief space nothing remained to break the stillness of the night, save ever and anon the gay strains of distant music as it came floating on the breeze, or the joyous laugh of happy childhood, or the more melodious voice of some fair senorita warbling one of the beautiful ballads of her native Andalusia.

Lured by the delightful coolness of the evening, and yielding to the influence which was fast gaining the ascendency, my friend was insensibly led into a strain of musing, carrying him far back among scenes of other days-which, alas! never, save in imagination, can return,-to the total extinction of all recollection of the lateness of the hour and also of the darkness which reigned around. What may have been the precise nature of the gentleman's cogitations I cannot take upon myself to determine, neither would I boldly assert that he had not for some time past been actually asleep; however that may be, when he at length roused himself from his recumbent position, the lights, which had previously glittered from so many casements, were now rapidly withdrawn, all sound of mirth and music had long since passed away, and, striking his repeater, he discovered that it wanted but a brief period of midnight.

To walk through the streets of London at that hour would not present the slightest difficulty to the mind, but to wander through the narrow alleys and blind passages of a Spanish town, between eleven and twelve o'clock, is an affair of a very different complexion. In the one case you are actually incommoded by the number of policemen, who at every lamp scrutinize your features as though they expected to see "housebreaker" stamped on your forehead; while in the other you are equally liable to inconvenience, but from a very different cause, since you might as well expect to meet the whole of the metropolitan force, as any thing approaching either in duty or appearance to a watchman; in short, no such functionary exists: the principal gentlemen who stroll about at so unreasonable a period being confined to those whose inordinate appetite for the property of others induces them to sally forth when darkness favours their designs, and also affords good opportunity of enjoying a feeling of gratified revenge by poniarding an intimate acquaintance, who may chance to possess the unenviable notoriety of enjoying a

greater portion of some lady's favour than | tance from him as when first he observed had fallen to the lot of another. Neither their presence. To prove the fact more fully, of these characters were precisely those my friend stopped suddenly in the streetwhom my friend felt desirous of encounter- so did the others; and when, determined to ing; yet, having reached Malaga but on ascertain whether they were purposely the previous day, he deemed it more than dodging his steps, he walked towards them, improbable that in so short a time he could the figures steadily retreated as he advanced. have given cause for the most passionate His feelings now partook of a sensation to entertain a feeling of jealousy against so somewhat allied to alarm; and having by inoffensive a person as himself; and as re- this time again reached the consul's door, it garded his property, he felt perfectly at occurred to him that, as a prudential measease on that score, conscious that a few ure, it might not be altogether unadvisable dollars were the extent of the sum which to knock, and obtain some weapon whereat that moment he carried about him. Un- with to defend himself, if attacked. With hesitatingly, therefore, did the meditative this view he entered the lofty archway of gentleman pursue his homeward way, which the building, and had already raised his abode, we must premise, was situated in a hand to demand admittance, when the natustreet leading to the quay, to reach which it ral aversion which a man has to being suswas absolutely necessary to pass the man-pected of timidity, induced him to pause ere sion of the English consul, an excellent he summoned any of the inmates to his aid; house in itself, but surrounded by many besides which, the very act of the figures and various dismal-looking entrances, lead- retiring, as if alarmed at his having turned ing whereto it might be difficult to assert. back, was strong presumptive evidence of It was now about twelve o'clock; the wind, an anxiety, on their part, to avoid him as which before had merely added its refresh- pertinaciously as he was desirous of getting ing coolness to the atmosphere, was rapid- rid of them. Moreover, should it afterwards ly rising, sweeping in its way long and thick appear that the objectionable persons were eddies of dust round the many angles of actually acquaintances of his own, the story the streets. The night had become ex- of having called up the consul in the middle tremely dark, and the very few lanterns- of the night to afford him protection would which by-the-by were erected by the Eng- undoubtedly be published throughout Mallish merchants-scarcely sufficed to point aga, as a most extremely pleasant story to relate, and a pretty strong instance of the weakness of his nerves.

the road.

My friend had just reached the house of her Britannic Majesty's consul, when a Cogitating to this effect, he released the strong gust of wind, bearing in its vortex a knocker from his grasp, and was about to mass of dust and rubbish, induced him sud- leave his sanctuary, which was completely denly to wheel round rather than encoun- hidden in shade, when his departure was ter the nuisance. With his face thus stand-arrested by hearing the sound of approaching until the unwelcome assailant had ing footsteps, and in a few seconds the very swept by, our benighted wanderer fancied he perceived the figures of two men in the distance, who to all appearance were stationary as himself, possibly from a similar motive.

Now, the visible proof of two persons walking in the public thoroughfare of a large city would not, during daylight, excite any feeling of astonishment; but at the hour when my friend discovered their presence, the knowledge of the fact was the reverse of agreeable. Should they have any design upon him, what chance had he against two persons, who, in all probability, were well armed, whilst he had not so much as a walking-stick wherewith to defend himself in case of emergency? Yet, after all, was it not possible that they were harmless individuals wending their way home, and probably in as great awe of him as he possibly could have been of them?

Thus soliloquising, the gentleman turned towards his dwelling, and recommenced his walk, yet not fully satisfied with the appearance of the individuals he had discover ed. My friend, every now and then, turned his head to ascertain if he was followed; when, to his excessive annoyance, he perceived that, whether he proceeded fast or slow, the figures maintained the same dis

persons he so much dreaded passed him by. The cautious manner in which they progressed showed the little confidence they placed in the safety of the streets, and for the instant during which they stood under the solitary lamp, which is intended to illumine the open space, our adventurer was enabled to remark their contour and their dress. By the latter, they were evidently peasants of Andalusia; and by the formerif honest men-certainly under small obligation to nature for having inscribed "rogue" most legibly on the countenances of both; one, the least repulsive-looking of the two, was a man upwards of six feet in height, while his companion was extremely short, and gifted with as villanous a visage as could be invented for the direst imp in a Christmas pantomime.

The Spanish "ladron," or robber, however, is not precisely the style of gentleman which romantic young ladies are apt to image to themselves, neither is that most respectable member of the community correctly represented by those intellectual individuals on our stage, who stalk forth with well-rouged faces and black moustaches, having their backs and shoulders protected with an exuberance of curls, as was the fashion in the days of Charles II., while on

the summit of their heads what is technic-whes of the wanderers, and by the smartwhen by close scrutiny he recognised the

Acting on this principle, he commenced an expostulation in far from moderate terms, but the effect of his harangue proved

ally termed a large Spanish hat figures to considerable advantage, ornamented with ing of the divided skin covering his winda long drooping feather, descending half pipe was enabled to judge pretty correctly way to the ground. So far from such an as to their intentions, the unhappy prisoner appearance approaching to the costume of gave himself up for lost, though determinthe present day, the two worthies who, oned, as far as in his power lay, to struggle to the occasion related, stealthily took their the utmost for liberty and life. way past the consul's door, were habited in the high steeple-crowned hat peculiar to the province, and not unlike the sombre beavers commonly worn in the time of Crom-diametrically opposite to that expected; well, saving that, instead of the enormous brim, a peculiarly-fashioned and very small upturned ridge was substituted; the remaining part of the dress of the beforementioned persons was picturesque enough, if viewed when beautifully delineated on paper, but when seen in its native squalid. ness was dirty and unprepossessing in the

extreme.

Be it remarked, however, that round the body each wore the thick coarse red sash wherein it is the custom of the country to carry money, cigars, or whatever necessaries may be required, not excepting the never-failing accompaniment of the Spaniard, his constant companion-the knife.

for, finding their prisoner bent on exclamation, the smaller ruffian of the two thrust his hand into his sash, and pulling forth an enormous circular cork, such as is used to stop up the apertures of large oil-casks, drove it into the mouth of the sufferer by main force with the hilt of his knife.

The agony resulting from this operation must have been intense, for the mouth, though stretched to its utmost limits, was incapable of holding so huge a substance; the horrid consequence was, that the sides of his face were actually torn by the brutality of the wretch, and while hardly able to breathe, the blood flowed so copiously from the wounded cheeks of their victim as to place him in momentary dread of suffocation.

Truly glad was the benighted gentleman on beholding the departure of such undesirable companions, and as they appeared Then commenced a systematic pillage; steadily to bend their course in the way and so bitterly enraged was the lesser robwhich it was his object to traverse, he deem-ber at the insufficiency of the booty, noted a few minutes well spent in his present withstanding that the gold repeater fell a retreat, confident that each moment so ex-sacrifice to their rapacity, that, uttering a pended would increase the distance between the strangers and himself. Thus determined, my friend lingered on, until conjecturing that the obnoxious persons must have long since passed away, he noiselessly vacated the shady archway wherein he had ensconced himself, and fear lessly and with speed passed onwards to-jected to further force being used, adding, wards his home.

horrid imprecation, he again unclasped his knife, rushed upon his prisoner, and had it not been for the interference of his accomplice, the unfortunate object in their power never would have seen the sun of another day. As it fortunately chanced, the latter of the two bravos most strenuously ob

that although their spoil had proved far less valuable than they had anticipated, yet it was worse than frivolous to add murder to robbery, since no benefit could thereby arise to them; but, on the contrary, the perpetration of the act might, and most probably would, lead to certain detection, and consequent strangulation for their reward..

Thus apostrophised, the greater ruffian of the two, albeit by far the smaller man, reluctantly and with much abuse returned his knife to the sheath; but naturally savage, and worked up to a pitch of fiend

Having been thus detained considerably longer than his accustomed hour in the streets, our adventurer found the increasing coldness of the air, and a naturally good appetite, gradually becoming sharper: and as the anticipations of rest and refreshment which awaited him at his domicile passed through his mind, he gradually increased his pace until but the lapse of a few moments more were sufficient to bring him to his door. But such a consummation was not readily to be achieved, for when within fifty paces of his dwelling, and grasping the latch key in his hand to pre-like brutality, he thrust his bony knuckles vent any unnecessary delay at the portal, our unhappy pedestrian found himself, as if by magic, encircled by a pair of athletic arms, while at the same moment a sharp knife was passed loosely across his throat, with the voluntary promise that the utterance of one syllable would most indelibly increase the pressure of the blade.

So sudden and effectual was the attack, that even had our acquaintance been prepared, it would have been impossible to ward off the discourteous embrace; and

within the neckcloth of his victim, and twisting the handkerchief with his utmost strength, would most indisputably have placed my acquaintance beyond all necessity of rescue, had not the latter sinner again stepped forward and preserved his life.

Let any one, whose good fortune hitherto has protected him from such a fate, picture to himself what the feelings of the wretched man must have been. At that hour of the night it was impossible to expect aid from