58 James Russell Lowell, Sonnets, Boston, April 2, 1842. 59 Sam. 8. 10-20. 60 The reader is referred to the Critical Dictionary of the Library, Political and Religious History of the Bible familiarly known as the Encyclopaedia Biblica, The Rev. T. K. Cheyne. D. Litt., D. D. and J. Sutherland Black, M. A., LL. D., London, 1902, vol. iii. pp. 3922-3965. Here conservative criticism of the highest order compactly given, will present the subject in the most attractive and scholarly way known to print.

61 Encyc. Biblica, London, 1902, iii. 3924.6. 62 ibid, 8961. 88. 63 Ps. 35. 64 See the author's Songs of Theocratic Democracy, for similar instances. 65 Ps. 66. 16-20, and try the whole psalm, from the words, "Oh bless our God, ye peoples," vs. 8. 66 Ps. 73. 67 Ps. 69. 68 Ps. 73. 2. 69 Ps. 57. 70 Ps. 56. 73 Ps. 2. 74 Ps. 8. 75 Ps. 5.

76 Enderman. 77 Cunningham, we learn from the notes, City Opinion on Usury, in Banker's Journal, Feb., 1887. This is well worth noting. 78 Brentano. 79 Observe that interest-charges grew out of rent-charges, so far as the permission of the Church was obtained. 80 The date is important.

81 Provisions thus far agree with Bible. 82 Rent-charges as affecting the theory of interest-charges should be well-fixed in the reader's mind; it is rent and interest that are anti-theocratic, and so subversive to democracy. 83 ii., 1912, p. 432. 84 Christianity and Economic Science, pp. 58, 61, 62, 68 65.

86 ibid. p. 2. 87 ibid. 89 News item. Apr. 24, 1919. 90 F. C. Howe, Privilege and Democracy, N. Y., 1910, pp. 37-8. 91 Abstract Census 1910, pp. 293-5. 92 H. J. Davenport, professor of political economy. University of Chicago, Value and Distribution, Chicago, 1908, pp. 152-53

93 Elements of Political Economy, New York, 1884, p. 884. 94 i. 62. 95 iii. 394. 96 Hist. of Econ. and Pub. Law, vol. 57, 1914, Financial History of New York State. 97 New York, 1910. 98 Boston, 1907.

99 News Item, Nov. 29, 1919, p. 17. 100 Dynamic Sociology, or Applied Social Science, New York, 1894, il. 88, 89, i. 594 595, 571-73. 101 Rev. Newell Dwight Hillis D. D., Sermon, Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, Nov. 30, 1919, published Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Dec. 1, 1919. 102 Theory of Moral Sentiments, Part III, ch. iii. 103 Economics of Enterprise.

104a Charles S. Devas, Political Economy, London 1901, pp. 653-4. 104b See Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy, Tucker. 105 J. D. Rogers, Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy, London, 1913, iii. 304. And see Chapter XV. 106 Henry. Lord Brougham, F. R. S., Lives of Men and Letters and Science, 1845, p. 126. 107 Life and Correspondence of David Hume, Edinburgh, 1846, vol. ii. 519-21. 108 The seventh edition of this book, London, 1792, 2 vols. 109 John Kells Ingram, LL. D. A History of Political Economy, New York, 1888, p. 109. 110 Life of Adam Smith, 59, 61.

111 Dugald Stewart's Life of Smith, 1811; John Rae's Life of Adam Smith, 1895: Francis W. Hurst's Adam Smith, 1904: Lord Brougham's memoir of Smith in his Men of Science and Letters series; and J. R. M'Culloch's Life of Smith, all London prints, are excellent biographies. Watson, in his Annals of Philadelphia (i. 533), speaks of Smith's habit of bringing his manuscript of the Wealth of Nation's to Benjamin Franklin in London, for the great American's comment. Smith would sometimes rewrite whole chapters of the work following Franklin's advice.

Of the person of Smith, both M'Culloch and Lord Brougham, in their lives of Smith, offer us proof of the existence of a medallion of Smith by Tassie, which Bell, in M'Culloch, and Brown, in Lord Brougham, have engraved for us. It is a head-and-shoulders' view, profile, the distinguishing features of which are, a large aquiline nose, a protruding eye, a smooth-shaven face and a handsome peruke. M'Culloch gives beside a full-length view of Smith, taken standing. We see that Smith was not a tall man, not strong of shoulders, but firm on his feet. This view bears the date of 1790-the year of Smith's death.

112 Millar, professor of law in Glasgow; the fact is preserved in J. R. M'Culloch's Life of Smith, p. iv. Millar adds, "the substance of the work which he afterwards published under the title, Wealth of Nations."

113 J. Shield Nicholson, professor of economy, Edinburgh University, Elements of Political Economy, London, 1903, p. 2. 114 Theory of Moral Sentiments, ii. p. 399, etc. 115 The Standard Dictionary, New York, 1893. p. 644. 116 Van Buren Denslow, LL. D., New York, 1888, p. 22. Principles of Economic Philosophy. 117 A. T. Hadley, Yale, Economics. 118 Richard T. Ely, Professor of political economy, U. of Wisconsin, Introduction to Political Economy, New York and Cincinnati, 1894, pp. 85-6.

119 Translation of B. Jowett, Professor of Greek, Oxford, England, is used, Oxford and London, 1885. 120 Aristotle the pupil of Plato, lived in the day of Alexander the Great. i.e. fourth Century, B. C. Aristotle (384-322 B. C.) 121 Compare Prov. 30. 8, noting the removal from "falsehood and lies" there desired. 122 Compare Smith on Solon, noting Smith's use of Solon's name as a prop for expediency, 123 John Ruskin, The Crown of Wild Olive, Traffic, 884. 184 Isaiah 40. 18, 25; 46. 5. 125 W. J. Ashley, Economic History and Theory, London, 1893, p. 387.

126 Compare Ruskin, p. 127 Theory of Moral Sentiments, IV. 1. 467. 128 ibid, ii. 117-18 compare p. 109. 129 Theory of Moral Sentiments, 421-23. 130 Wealth of Nations, Book IV. v. 131 ibid. 132 ibid. 133 ibid, opening words. 134 Wealth of Nations, Bax edition, London, 1912, ii. 191-2. 135 Theory of Moral Sentiments, 139.

138

136 Rae, Life of Adam Smith, pp. 205-06. 137 Parl, Hist. vol. 83, 778. Chapter VIII. 139 Wealth of Nations, edited by E. B. Bax, 1912, vol. 1, 878. 140 ibid, p. 385. 141 Wealth of Nations, II. 232. 142 Theory of Moral Sentiments, seventh edition, London, 1792, p. 151. 143 Wealth of Nations, II. 228. 144 ibid, I. 388-94. 145 ibid, I. 262-3. 146 ibid, IV. ch. vii. 147 ibid, I. 398. 148 ibid, I. 31. 149 ibid, I x. part ii. 150 Theory of Moral Sentiments, 146153. 151 Theory of Moral Sentiments, ii. 91. 152 ibid, 122-24. 153 ibid. 154 ibid, ii. 90. 155 ibid, ii. 92. 156 ibid, ii. 115-16. 157 citation page 99.

158 Dr. Kippis, Life of Butler, Works of Joseph Butler, LL. D., Edinburgh, 1813, vol. i. p. vi. 159 Our Josiah Tucker, Episcopal clergyman, who "laid in his Elements of Commerce (1755) those four foundation stones of political economy, the discovery of which is attributed by Zeyss (1889) and Hasbach (1891) to Adam Smith (1776)." J. D. Rogers, Barrister-at-Law. in Palgraves Dictionary of Political Economy, London, 1913, iii. 588. 160 William Paley, Archdeacon of Carlisle, of whom we shall have citations in the present chapter. Paley was twenty years Adam Smith's junior, and died in 1805.

161 Works of Bishop Butler, Gladstone's edition, Oxford, 1896, i. 6. 2. 162 the same, § 12. 163 In David Hume's Nature, London, 1878, ii. § 25. p. 25. 164 Works of Bishop Butler, ii. § 4; iii. § 11. 165 W. Jethro Brown. Underlying Principles of Modern Legislation, London, 1912, p. 12. 166 James Edwin Thorold Rogers (1823-90), Drummond professor of political economy, Oxford University; from 1880-1886 member of Parliament from Southwark; Work and Wages, New York, 1884; author as well of the History of Agricultural Prices, a prodigious work of many volumes, of which W. J. Ashley, the English historical economist says, "an extremely valuable repertory of material for economic history." 167 the reference is to feudal times. 169 John Stuart Mill, Political Economy, London, IV. vii. §1. 169 The tract, 22 pp., was published in 1793, three years after the death of Adam Smith. 170 William Paley, Works, Book VI. ch. xi. pt. 3, London, 1785. 171 Rev. Thomas R. Malthus, Essay on Population, London, 1798, Bk. IV. ch. xiii. 172 John Kells Ingram, LL. D., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, A History of Political Economy, New York, 1893, pp. 107-9.

173 Wealth of Nations, edited by E. B. Bax, 1912. 2 vols. 174 Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments, seventh edition, London, 1792, p. 151. 175 cf. vii. proportion 20 to 1. 176 Theory of Moral Sentiments. 177 Wealth of Nations. 179 D. 23. *The numbers that now follow in parentheses refer to the fifty citations of the chapter. 180 For the marvels of low-cost production see Chapters xiv, xx. 181 ch. xvi. Opinions and Devices 182 ch. xvi p. 220, xi. 150, and see Index. 183 David Davies, D. D., rector of Barkham, Case of the La borers. Bath, 1795, p. 135. 184 Hos. 4. 6. 185 Wealth of Nations. 186 i. e., when Bishop Butler was busy proclaiming his doctrine that the natural course of things is the conduct of Providence. 187 compare XV p. 197.

188 See Ch. xiii. 189 Elements of Commerce ("any means by which wealth is got."), London, 1755. 190 Ch. xvii. p. 238, 239. 191 cf. Hume's expression, XVII, p. 245. 192 Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy, London, 1913, iii. 588. 193 Burke on Scarcity, preserved in M'Culloch's Collection of rare tracts, p. 455. 194 Bishop Butler's theory, p. 195 G. K. Chesterton, What's Wrong With the World, 7th ed., London, 1910, p. 18. 196 M'Culloch's Miscellaneous Economical Tracts, London, 1859, p. 206. 197 John Stow, edited by Henry Morley, London, 1908, 18-19. 198 ch. viii.

199 51st of Henry III, Statutes at Large, Daniel Pickering, Esq. 1763; also Revised Statutes, London, 1870-72. 200 Little Red Book of Bristol, ed. by Francis B. Bickley, London, 1900, p. 22. 201 Professor E. Lipson, Economic History of England, London, 1915, 271. 202 Eboracum, or the History of the Antiquities of the City of York, laws of 1592; 306, 251, 308; T. Wilson, 1788. 203 Beverly Town Document, Selden Society, London, 1900, p. 11, 204 3 vols. edited by Andrew Clark, London, 1907. 205 Ipswich, 1654, published Ipswich, 1884. 206 Henry VIII to Elizabeth, 1509-1583, London, 1880.

207 General Chauncey B. Baker, New York Times, Nov. 11, 1917. 208 W. J. Ashley, Justum Pretium (Just Price). Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy, ii. 500. 209 William Cunningham, Politics and Economics, London, 1885, p. 258. 210 Aristotle (born 384 B. C.) The Politics, B. Jowett translation. Thales seems to have lived to the age of ninety. (circum 640-550 B. C.)

211 Note: The cost of tracklaying on the A. T. & S. Fe R. R., Gillette tells us (Halbert P. Gillette, Handbook of Cost Data for contractors and engineers, Chicago, 2d ed. revised and enlarged, 1914, p. 1246) was $292 per mile. This did not include ballasting. p. 1247. On the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Ry., 1,300 miles of track were laid with a Harris machine in 1886 and 1887. Swamps and rugged country make the machine a more highly standardized method of laying track. 113 men accompanied the machine. Average cost for 2 miles of track a day was $249. 85-lb rails weigh 134 tons per mile. pp. 1249, 1252.

A gang of 25 men laid 52 lengths of 60-inch gas pipe and 29 lengths of 4inch pipe, the ditch being opened, pipe laid and caulked in 10 hours. In backfilling the trenches the earth was hand tamped in from 6 to 8-inch layers. p. 1902-3. It goes without saying, that the saving to the income of the citizens, man for man, through citizenship-control of the gas-plants, for the negligible amount of time consumed in constructing the plants would amount to an annual saving of wealth to the citizenship greater than that of any other single mechanical or chemical product of modern civilization.

212 Professor E. S. Meade, Modern Business Series, Economics, New York, 1911, p. 98. 213 A similar genius for reductions-cost is seen in the success of the McCormick shops. In 1845 this company was turning out bolts for their reapers at the cost of four and one-half cents per bolt, or $2.25 for fifty bolts; today the company is able to manufacture 50 bolts for 1 cent.-Lee Galloway, Modern Business Series, II. p. 34. 214 John P. Frey, Scientific Management of Labour, Jour. Polit. Econ., May 1913. 215 Report of Tariff Hearings, 1913; several volumes, but the pages are numbered consecutively through the printed work. 216 Protective Tariff Cyclopedia, New York, 1914, p. 128. 217 Play of interest-charges here.

218 Franklin H. Giddings, LL. D., professor of sociology, Columbia Univesrity, An Old Fashioned Theory of Prices, Independent, Mar. 3, 1910. 219 Frederick C. Howe, Privilege and Democracy, New York, 1910, 29-30. 220 Gillette's Social Redemption, Boston, 1907. 221 Principle's of Economic Philosophy, New York, 188 pp. 269-70. 222 G. A. Walsh, Harper's Weekly, vol. 45, p. 567. 223 U. S. Bulletin, No. 54.

225 William C. Brown, New York Independent, 1910, p. 1428.. 226 Abstract Census, 1910, pp. 360, 406, and following. 227 David Ricardo. M. P., On Protection to Agriculture, London 4th ed., 1822. 228 H. J. Davenport, professor of political economy, University of Chicago Outlines of Economic Theory, New York, 1896, p. 89. 229 The tract on Agriculture is to be found in McCulloch's edition of the Works of Ricardo, London, 1852.

230 F. W. Taussig, professor of economics, Harvard University, Principles of Economics, New York, 1911, i. 5. 231 The Politics, II. 7. 43. 232 The Rev. T. R. Malthus, Essay on the Principles of Population, London, 1798. 233 Ch. xi. 234 Edmund Burke. 235 Elements of Commerce. 236 Rousseau, Social Contract, Bk. I. iv. 237 Political Discourses. 238 Distribution of Wealth, London, 1850, pp. 450-51. 238 Robert Owen, whose name Ricardo has mentioned. Owen, an English capitalist, was the founder of the English cooperative movement.

239 Isaiah 28. 14-17. 240 The Nineteenth Century, 1883, March and April, 1883, pp. 493-508, 653-666. The article is reprinted in Topics of the Time, New York, 1883, p. 129. 241 The Independent, New York, 1910, p. 796, symposium on the high cost of living. 243 Scientific Monthly, Biology and the Nation's Food, March, 1917, p. 220. 243 Roland G. Usher, professor of history, Washington University, St. Louis, Challenge of the Future, 1916, p. 107. 243b Essay on Population. 243c Arthur Young, F. R. S., Travels in France, Dublin, 1793.

244 David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, London, 245 Ch. x. 132 (Nos. 41, 42), 133 (46). 246 David Hume, Political Discourses. Only, says Adam Smith, to see that real wages are not too high.. The price of grain often rises, he observes, while wages remain stationary, or even fall, and this for many years together. Thorold Rogers reached the same facts in his Six Centuries of Work and Wages.

247 Sir William Petty, Political Anatomy of Ireland, London, 1691. 248 Hume, Political Discourses. 250 Simon N. Patten, prof. polit. econ., Independent, New York, vol. 68, p. 745 251 J. Laurence Laughlin and H. P. Willis, Reciprocity, New York, 1903, p. 457. 252 Byron W. Holt, The Tariff and Cost of Living, Independent, Mar. 3, 1910, 394. 253 Report Committee on Exports Control submitted to the National Foreign Trades Council, opening its fifth annual convention in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 18, 1918, New York Times, April 19, 1918, Nations Preparing for Economic War.

254 Editorial, November 28, 1919, The Coal Wage Increase. 255 Jackson News, editorial, Nov. 29, 1919. 256 Thorold Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages. 257 William Pare, editor, Thompson's Distribution of Wealth, London, 1850. Pare became one of the leading spirit in Robert Owen's Cooperative Movement.

258 In Political Discourses, XII. 259 John Kells Ingram, Hist. of Polit. Econ., New York, 1893, p. 83. 260 H. E. Egerton, prof. colonial hist. Oxford, Palgrave's Dict. Pol. Econ. ii. 340. 261 James Bonar, LL. D., Philosophy and Pol. Econ., New York, 1893, 105-26. 262 William Knight, prof. moral Phil. St. Andrews, Hume, Edinburgh and London, 1886, pp. 9, 12, 85, 87, 223. 263 Thomas Huxley, Hume, London, 1879, 3, 5,

264 Henry, Lord Brougham, F. R. S., Lives of Men of Letters and Science, Hume, London, 1845, 124-7. 265 Life and Correspondence of David Hume, Edinburgh, 1846, vol. ii. 519-21. 266 Hist. of Polit Econ., p. 85. 267 ibid. p. 83. 268 Twelfth and last of Hume's Political Discourses. 269 Writings of James Madison, New York, 1900, vol. iv. 24. 270 Ch. iii. 271 cf. Tucker's expression, Ch. xii.

272 Riches and Poverity, London, 10th edition. 273 Political Economy, IV. vii 86. 274 Isaiah 60. 5; prophecy concerning the theocratic hope. 275 Pol. Econ., IV. vii. 6. 276 Alfred Marshall, prof. polit. econ., University of Cambridge, and honorary Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford; Principles of Economics, London, 5th edition, 1907, Intro. §1. 277 H. J. Davenport, Outlines of Econ. Theory, New York, 1896, p. 315. 278 Beatrice Potter (Mrs. Sidney Webb), Co-operative Movement in Great Britain, London, 8th edition, 1914, pp. 11-12, 80.

279 Dr. Chalmers so contending, Ch. xx. 280 Political Economy, famous IV. xii. §6 of xx. 279. 281 page 191. 282 J. S. Mill, Political Economy, IV. vii. §§. 2-3. 283 Melvin L. Severy, author, Boston, 1907.

284 Quoting J. L. McCreery, Our System of Distributing the Lands, Philadelphia. Gillette's Redemption, pp. 279-80. 285 Gillette's Social Redemption, D. 9. 286 U. S. Census, 1910, vol. 1, p. 1295. 287 In Memoriam, cv. 288 Lev.

25. 17. 23. Walter Rauschenbusch, D. D.. Christianity and the Social Crisis, New York, 1910, 19-20.

290 Thomas Chalmers, D. D., The Political Economy of the Bible, North British Review, Nov. 1844. 291 H. J. Davenport, Value and Distribution, pp. 152-3. 292 Citizen Patriot, Jackson, Michigan, Oct. 9, 1919, p. 14. 293 Van Buren Denslow. LL. D., Principles of Economic Philosophy, New York, 1888. D. 76.

294 Professor Alfred Marshall's words will be remembered. Ch. xviii. 295 S. Seebohm Rountree, Poverty, a Study of Town Life, London, 1901. 296 But compare John the Baptist's faith, John 1. 29. 292 Christianizing the Social Order, New York, 1912, p. 115. 293 Irving C. Fisher, professor of political economy, Yale University, The Nature of Capital and Income, New York, 1912, p. 17. 294 Jethro Brown, Underlying Principles of Modern Legislation, p. 12.

295 "Mulhall, a leading English statistician says of us: 'Every day that the sun shines upon the American people, it sees an addition of two and a half million dollars to the accumulated wealth of the Republic, which is equal to one-third of the daily accumulation of mankind.""-Van Buren Denslow, LL. D., Principles of Political Economy, New York, 1888, p. 36.

296 A. M. Anderson, Classified Selling Arguments. 297 Life Insurance values this sermon, and one of the companies has printed it for distribution. 298 July 27, 1919, section 4, p. 1.