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visited Japan within the last two years, mention that the face of every Japanese, from the peasant to the noble, is constantly lit up with a smile of contentment. The Japanese, indeed, are a bowing, smiling nation; every sentence that a Japanese utters is accompanied by the blandest possible smile. Frugality of living and simplicity of dress are rigidly enjoined upon them by sumptuary laws, which are strictly enforced, and which not only proscribe certain luxuries, but also define minutely the style of dress to be worn by each grade in the social scale. They are an eminently cleanly people; in no other country in the world is the bath so universally favourite an institution. Religious pilgrimages were much in fashion amongst them in Will Adams's time, and are so still. It is incumbent upon every Japanese to perform, at least once in his life, a pilgrimage to Jaze, the shrine of the goddess Teu-sio-dai-zin, the patron divinity of Japan. The ascent of the sacred heights of Fusiyama, the "matchless mountain," is also an act of devotion which is often performed. The rugged sides of this mountain are inhabited by a sect of priests, whose daughters are among the few beggars of the country, and do not, it is to be feared, confine their occupation to begging.

The historical portion of Mr. Dalton's book contains an account of the reigns of the great emperor Tiego-Sama and the usurper Ogosho-Sama; and also the story of the introduction of Christianity into Japan by Francis Xavier and the Jesuits, of the rapid spread of the Gospel by Dominican and Franciscan friars, and of the persecutions which eventually led to the entire extirpation of Christianity from the country. The story is told by one of Will Adams's Dutch companions, whose own adventures form an interesting part of the nairative.

slaves. At last, whilst in the act of conducting the flight of a number of runaways, he was tracked by bloodhounds, and was captured, after a severe struggle, in which both his arins were broken. He was at first delivered to his original. master, but was afterwards sold and taken to New Orleans, eighteen hundred miles from Canada. Nevertheless, within eighteen months he was in Canada again!

The organization of the underground railroad is very simple. It consists simply in an agreement on the part of a sufficient number of friends of the slaves; dwelling at suitable distances from each other, that each shall pass on to the next any fugitives that may be brought to him. Of course, the slaves can thus be taken from friend to friend only at night. They are usually conveyed in waggons, hidden amongst merchandise, and the length of each night's journey is generally from six to twelve miles. Excessive caution is required, owing to the number of ruffians who get their living by tracking runaways, and are constantly on the watch for them. Nor is the peril confined to the fugitive, since, even in the free states, to aid or shelter fugitive slaves is punishable with very heavy fine and imprisonment.

For some years, Mr. Mitchell's station on the underground railroad was on the banks of the Ohio river, and he knew well the original of Mrs. Stowe's "Eliza," and bears witness to the substantial truth of the story, as told in Uncle Tom's Cabin, of her passing over the crashing ice. Her real name was Mary, and Mr. Mitchell gives her history in detail, as obtained from her own lips. The night after her perilous passage over the river she was brought to his house, and be carried her boy while conducting her to the next station, ten miles on.

Seven hundred thousand of the slaves in the United States are held, according to Mr. Mitchell, by professing Christians, members of churches. Of the nature of the ideas of Christian duty which prevail amongst these pious slaveowners, Mr. Mitchell gives some painful illustrations. Perhaps the most horrible story in the whole narrative is one relating the treatment by a deacon of a Baptist church of a slave who had gone to a prayer-meeting without his knowledge. Another story tells how a Methodist minister in Maryland betrayed for a hundred dollars an escaped slave who had for years been a member of his church; and a third tells of a minister selling children from their parents, in order to raise money for foreign missions.

FUGITIVE SLAVES IN CANADA.* THE cultivation of the cotton imported into England from America employs the labour of a million of slaves. It is not endurable that so large a share of our commercial prosperity as is involved in the cotton trade should continue thus to be based upon the foulest and most inhuman "institution" the world ever saw. Any sudden substitution, however, of free labour for the labour of the enslaved negroes employed in cultivating our cotton is impossible, and an insurrection of the slaves would therefore arrest the production of cotton altogether, and so bring ruin upon many thousands of English homes. Moreover, there can be no question that in the The town of Windsor, on the Detroit river, which connects interests of the slaves themselves gradual emancipation is Lake Erie with Lake St. Clair, is the place at which most of much more desirable than any sudden elevation from slavery the fugitives to Canada first arrive. They are thence distrito freedom, whether brought about by insurrection or other-buted throughout Upper Canada, the coloured population of wise; so that, on all accounts, perhaps the best and most which now numbers nearly sixty thousand souls. Their conpractical solution of the slavery difficulty would be such a dition is in general prosperous. Many are honourably gradually but rapidly increasing flow of fugitive slaves out employed in handicrafts, some have made fortunes, and some of the United States into the neighbouring British dominions have entered professions; but the majority are small cultias would prepare the way for, and indeed render imperative, vators, living on allotments of from five to twenty acres of the gradual introduction of free labour in the cultivation of land, in little one-roomed log-houses, usually furnished with the great staple of our manufactures. a bedstead, a table, a looking-glass, and a bureau. They often become expert farmers; and many of their homesteads are models which both the native Canadians and the Irish settlers would do well to imitate. They are an industrious people; but, as was to be expected, after so recent a liberation from debasing slavery, they have not yet shown any great disposition for mental culture. Schools do not flourish amongst them, and it is but very rarely that they are customers to a book-store.

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Fugitive slaves are at present pouring into Canada at the rate of about twelve hundred per annum. There is a regular organization for passing them on, reaching from the banks of the Ohio river, on the borders of Michigan, to the chain of lakes which divides the States from Canada; and on this underground railroad," as it is called, the author of the little book before us was for twelve years a "station "-master. During those twelve years he was instrumental in assisting the escape of very many slaves, two hundred and sixtyfive of whom were brought to him within nineteen months by a single individual, one John Mason, whose brief his tory is one of the most interesting things in the volume. Originally a slave in the state of Kentucky, he succeeded in escaping to Canada, and then determined to devote his life to the rescue of his brethren from bondage. Returning, not only to Kentucky, but to the immediate neighbourhood of the estate of his owner, he succeeded, within four or five years, in delivering to "conductors" of the underground railroad, to be" passed on to Canada, not fewer than thirteen hundred

The Underground Reilroad from Slavery to Freedom. By the Rev. W. M. MITCHELL, of Toronto, Canada West. London: William Tweedie. 1881. Price 1s.

Much further information respecting the condition of the escaped slaves in Canada will be found in Mr. Mitchell's little volume, which is of considerable value, as showing how ample

field is presented by Canada, covered as she is by the broad ægis of British freedom, to the African who seeks a shelter there in the name and honoured rights of " a stranger.”

SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA. SOME recent researches of M. Love, a member of the institution of Civil Engineers of France, favour his theory that the phenomena of sound, heat, light, chemical attraction, and gravitation, are all referable to the action of electricity, which M. Love regards as being a simple body, capable of forming compounds with other substances. Ozone, for

into sulphurous acid, water, and oxygen. The sulphurous acid and the water being condensed in a refrigerator, the oxygen is left free. The sulphurous acid thus obtained may be readily made to absorb more oxygen from the atmosphere, and so be reconverted into sulphuric acid, and may thus be used over and over again, ad infinitum. The cost of the oxygen obtained by this process is thus simply the cost of the fuel, the requisite attendance, and the wear and tear of the apparatus employed. The discovery of so cheap a process of obtaining oxygen may probably lead to the general introduction of oxy-hydrogen lamps, sending forth from a morsel of lime heated in their flame more light than could be given by any ordinary number of gas jets.

example, he considers to be a compound of oxygen and electricity, and steam a compound of water and electricity. He regards what is called positive electricity as being simply electricity in a state of tension, and what is called negative electricity as the same body, substance, or fluid, in a state of tenuity. Sound, according to his theory, is produced by electricity in a low state of tension, when the vibrations are few; heat by electricity in a higher state of tension, when the vibrations are more rapid; and light by electricity when the tension is very great, and the vibrations many millions per second. One of his experiments, showing electricity acting on a small scale as gravitation, consisted in electrifying a number of pith balls, attached to very fine silken filaments, and covering them, when they diverged, with a charged A new green dye, which may be used for silk, and, if they leyden-jar, without contact. When this jar was made to are first mordanted with albumen, for woollen and cotton revolve, the balls, still remaining divergent, revolved also, in goods also, is prepared by M. Koechlin by the action of the same direction as the jar. M. Love expects that, when hypochlorate of lime, hydrochloric acid, and ammonia, upon a provided with proper appliances, he will be able to effect this solution of sulphate of quinine. The precipitate obtained is experiment without the aid of the sustaining fibres; if so, the the new dye. It resembles resin, melts when heated, and is analogy between the rotation of these pith balls and the rota-insoluble in water, but dissolves readily in either alcohol, wood tion of the planets, accompanied, as astronomers have long sup- spirit, or glycerine. posed it to be, by the rotation with them of an immense sur- The name of cæsium has been given to the new alkali metal rounding subtle sphere, will be nearly complete. The muscular discovered in the water of Kreuznach by MM. Bünsen and movements of animals are known to be attended by the evo- Kirchoff, by means of spectrum analysis. The name is lution of free electricity, and M. Love attributes the exercise of derived from the word "casins," meaning greyish blue, and is the five senses to the presence of this free electricity, under the in allusion to the colour of the lines its presence produces in control of the brain as to its determination to any particular the spectrum. It exists in very small quantities, only 250 part of the body. In illustration of his view as to the electricity grains being found in upwards of twenty tons of water conbeing under control, he instances the torpedo and the electri-taining it. Its equivalent is 117, being nearly three times cal eel," which direct at their own will, and in every sense, the electric current over which they have power." In short, he believes electricity to be the soul of inert matter, and the means used by the Creator to govern material things, even to the control of organized, sentient, and thinking beings.

that of potassium, which metal it much resembles, but from which it is readily distinguished by the facility with which its nitrate dissolves in alcohol.

Another new metal is announced by Van Kobell, who calls it dianium. It is found in tantalite pyrochlore and analogous minerals. It belongs to the same group as tantalium and mobium. Like them, it forms an acid-dianic acid.

A new fusible alloy, consisting of cadmium, bismuth, tin and lead, has been patented. It fuses at 150 deg. F., being forty degrees below the fusing point of any other known fusible alloy. The discovery that cadmium increases the fusibility of alloys is valuable.

A patent has been taken out for a new explosive substance, to which the name of "white gunpowder" has been given. It is composed of yellow prussiate of potassa, chloride of potassium, sugar, and brimstone. It is said to be more powerful in action than ordinary gunpowder, and to foul the piece in which it is used to a much less extent.

Considerable attention is being attracted by a new method of extracting silver from the ore which has been introduced by an Austrian chemist, Herr von Pakera, at the works at Joachimsthal, on the frontiers of Bohemia. This new method of reduction constitutes a very elegant instance of applied chemistry, and is said to have been suggested by the photo

From a careful examination of the thermometrical register which has now been kept at the Greenwich Observatory for forty-three years, M. Faye has discovered that the moon exercises a very perceptible action upon the temperature of the atmosphere. This is directly contrary to the opinion hitherto entertained by scientific men,-an opinion which it was thought was confirmed by the fact that when the rays of the moon are condensed by a lens so powerful that when the rays of the sun are condensed by it they will volatilise platina, the most delicate thermometer placed in the focus of the lunar rays exhibits only very faint indications of a rise of temperature. M. Faye accounts for this by showing that the greater part of the caloric which comes to us from the moon, being dark caloric,* and therefore possessing less pene. trative power than caloric associated with light, is absorbed in the higher regions of our atmosphere, greatly increasing the temperature of those regions when the moon is at full, and thereby causing that dissipation of clouds which has long been popularly attributed to the full moon, and which scientific observers have often noticed. By thus heat-graphic process of "fixing," with which it is identical in ing the higher parts of the atmosphere, and so dissipating the clouds, and causing clear weather, the full moon dees not, however, raise the temperature on the earth's surface, but lowers it, inasmuch as clouds obstruct the radiation of heat, and radiation from the earth's surface therefore goes on much more freely in clear weather than in cloudy weather. M. Faye adds the following rule, which has been propounded by Marshal Bugeaud: "If the weather of the sixth day after the full moon is the same as that of the fifth, eleven times out of twelve the weather of the month will be the same as that of the fifth day; if, on the other hand, the weather of the sixth day is the same as that of the fourth day, then, nine times out of twelve, the weather of the month will be the same as that of the fourth day."

Messrs. Deville and Debray, who were commissioned by the Russian Government to study the dry treatment of platina øre, have discovered a cheaper method than any hitherto in use for the obtainment of oxygen in large quantities. If sulphuric acid be brought into contact, in a retort or other suitable vessel, with red-hot platina sponge, it is decomposed

• By dark caloric is meant the caloric which is radiated from the moon's

heated surface, and which is quite distinct from the small amount of heat which, in association with light, is reflected by the moon's surface.

principle. The silver ore is first roasted with green vitriol and common sait, so as to produce chloride of silver. This is dissolved by means of hyposulphate of soda, and sulphide of sodium is then used to precipitate the precious metal as sulphide of silver. On this being heated, the sulphur escapes as vapour, and the silver is left pure.

It has hitherto been customary, in manufacturing coal gas, to pass the gas through slaked lime, in order to purify it; but this process does not remove the bisulphuret of carbon, which is the source of all that is offensive and injurions in the use of coal gas for lighting purposes. All authorities on the subject have declared over and over again that it is impossible to free the gas from this noxious bisulphuret; but the Rev. W. R. Bowditch, of Wakefield, has discovered that it may be effectually freed therefrom by simply passing it, while warm, through lime so dried as to be deprived of all moisture save such as it will retain at the temperature of 212 degrees. This decomposes the bisulphuret into sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid, which may be readily disposed of in the usual way.

Dr. Marcy has submitted to the French Academy an instrument which he has designed for the purpose of registering on paper the alternate ascent and descent of the pulse, with

a view to indicating whether or not the circulation is in a healthy state. He calls it the "Sphymograph," and it consists of a small delicately balanced lever, one end of which is made to touch the pulsating artery, while at the other end is a pencil, touching a slip of paper, which a clockwork arrangement causes to unrol beneath the pencil point. Upon the slip of paper, when the pulse is healthy, the pencil marks for every beat a perpendicular up-stroke and an oblique down-stroke, the latter twice the length of the former. In proportion as the pulse is irregular, the latter line, instead of being straight, is undulating.

According to the Mechanic's Magazine, the rare ocean phenomenon known as the "Milky Sea," was observed near Amboyna, on the 28th of August last, by Captain Trebuchet, commander of a French frigate cruising there. For some hours the sea for miles round the ship seemed to be covered with snow. On examining a bucketful of the water it was found to be covered with phosphorescent animalcules of the thickness of a hair, and of various lengths. They adhered together in groups of about twenty each.

mate of Mr. Frith's faculties is correct.-The following have lately been added to the National Portrait Gallery: Sir Chris. topher Wren, by Kneller, 1711; Locke, by Silvester Brownover; Pope, by Jervas, a full-length life-size, with a background figure of a lady who has not been clearly identified, and a bust of Homer; John Owen, the vice-chancellor of Oxford under Cromwell; Queen Elizabeth at the age of thirtyeight, a miniature by Hilliard, painted on the back of a " Queen of Hearts" playing card; and Sir Dudley and Lady Carleton, afterwards Lord and Lady Dorchester, the former dated 1625, by Cornelis Janssens. These two are gifts, and should scarcely perhaps rank among national portraits. Some approach towards classification of the pictures has now been made.-Sir Charles Eastlake is reported to have bought in Rome a fine Fra Angelico for the National Gallery.-A monument to Lord Dundonald is contemplated at Liverpool.Mr. Woolner has lately completed a singularly admirable bust of Professor Sedgwick, which will probably be placed in some part of Trinity College, Cambridge.-Messrs. Theed, Noble, Bell, and Munro, have been invited to compete for the The Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge is about to be monument to Hallam in St. Paul's. Messrs. Foley and enriched with the magnificent collection of fossils which Woolner were also invited, but declined. The group to the belonged to the late Dr. James Forbes Young. Sir Charles memory of Sir Charles Napier, for the same cathedral, now George Young, Garter King-at-Arms, and Mr. Henry Young, stands in its northern transept.-Mr. Noble has received the the brothers of the deceased, have offered the collection to Government commission of £2,000 for the statue of Sir John the university on the sole condition that it shall be kept Franklin, to be erected in Trafalgar-square. The lions so together; and this offer has been accepted. The collection long needed for the same site are in progress in Baron Marois said to include sixty thousand specimens of fossil fishes. chetti's studio: Sir Edwin Landseer assists in the moulding.Amongst recent importations from France is a little scienti- Mr. Bell is preparing for the Great Exhibition of 1862 a fic instrument called the Debusscope. It is professedly a statue of Cromwell ten feet high.-A project is afoot for toy, but, in addition to affording amusement, is capable of acquiring from the trustees of Flaxman's relative, Miss Denrendering very decided service to artists in the production man, a certain portion of the sculptor's designs and other of ornamental designs for textile fabrics, paperhangings, and drawings, to be placed in the hall of University College. The fictile and other manufactures. Its principle is that of the sum of £400 or £500 is required.-The memorial church to kaleidoscope, but its form is much more convenient than George Herbert, in his own parish of Bemington, a village that of Sir David Brewster's famous instrument. Two close to Salisbury, and near the site of his own church, was silvered and highly polished metal plates, about four inches consecrated on the 13th of December. The old church, under long by two inches wide, are set up on edge in a card-board whose altar Herbert is buried, is not to be removed. The new box, the ends of the plates being brought together at an angle church, built by Mr. Wyatt, of London, is of the early of thirty-six degrees, so that their sides form a V-outline. decorated style, and will accommodate three hundred and All that portion of the top of the box which is between the sixty-five persons. Macaulay and Longfellow were among plates is cut away, and the portion of the side between the the subscribers.-Plans for the restoration of Linlithgow two extremities of the V is also cut away. If now a frag- Palace have been prepared by Mr. Matheson. It is proposed ment of vari-coloured paper, a scrap of chintz, a strip of to restore the edifice to the appearance which it presented ribbon or lace, or indeed anything small enough for the pur- before the fire of 1745.-Captain Fowke's plan for the Great pose, be laid between the two plates, owing to the multipled Exhibition of 1862 is to be carried out: arrangements for the reflection of the plates there will be seen, instead of a single contract have already been entered into.-The Royal Dublin object, an eight-sided regular figure, in which the object is Society intend to hold an exhibition of the fine and ornamental repeated eight-fold, ranging symmetrically round a centre. arts from May to August next, on the most comprehensive Thus, if the object placed at the bottom of the box be a scale. The guarantee-fund already amounts to £9,000.-The holly-leaf, there will be seen a figure consisting of eight original tapestries from Raphael's cartoons, the only duplicates holly leaves, all exactly alike in form, and all springing, of the set in the Vatican, have been lent by the proprietor, star-like, from a common centre. There is, of course, no end Mr. Charles Bianconi, to the committees of the Irish Protesto the variety of forms which may be thus produced by tant and Catholic reformatories, to be exhibited for their means of the most trifling waifs and strays from the garden or benefit.-Mr. Robinson, of the Kensington Museum, has the drawing-room. Nothing comes amiss to the Debusscope; lately bought for that institution, from the Papal government but its effect is most marked when elaborate drawings in in Rome, the section of medieval Italian sculpture of the celeseveral colours are used. The patterns formed by the Debus-brated Campana collection. The works are between eighty scope may be readily fixed by photograph.

The English Zoological Society has secured a specimen of the Babirussa, an animal found in the Indian Archipelago, of which only one specimen had previously reached this country. The Babirussa derives its name from two Malayan words, baba, a pig, and russa, a deer, being of a generally swinish character, but possessing two horns, which grow backwards over the head, then droop downwards, and finally meet under the throat. The only other specimen of the Babirussa ever brought to England was brought by Sir E. Belcher, in 1851. The French Zoological Society has also received a fresh acquisition, in the shape of two "Golden Birds,"so called from their gorgeous plumage,-from the Himalaya mountains.

ART NOTES OF THE MONTH. Ir is rumoured that Mr. Frith is painting for Mr. Flatou, the picture dealer, a picture, "The Railway Station," nine feet long, at a price variously stated at £8,750 and £10,000. The price named either is exaggerated, or ought to be, if my esti

and ninety; including two bas-reliefs by Donatello, important specimens of Jacopo della Quercia, Orcagna, Gliberti, Desiderio di Settignano, and Luca della Robbia, twelve examples of Majolica, described as "unique," and, for masterpiece, a life-sized adolescent kneeling Cupid, in marble, by Michael Angelo, believed to be the one which Vasari mentions as executed at the same time as the Bacchus of the Uffizj.-A fresh consignment of mosaics from Carthage has reached the British Museum: they are believed to be the last which Dr. Davis will send, and are not yet open to public view. The subjects are hunting groups, animals, and geometrical or fanciful patterns.

A new method of colouring photographs has been discovered by Herr (now Professor) Englebert Seibertz, a historical painter of Munich. He uses the colours in a dry, chalky state, and fixes them by the water-glass.-The last of Kaulbach's series of cartoons for frescoes in the new museum of Berlin has been announced as nearly finished. It represents modern progress, with the reformation as the leading central

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roup.-M. L. Gallait, the Belgian painter, has been painting
Garibaldi's portrait in Caprera.-A contemporary picture of
Schiller and his "Laura," discovered a few years ago, will
be used by Professor Haakhs, of Stuttgart, to prove that
Laura was not, as hitherto supposed, the somewhat "old and
ly"
"Frau Vischer, but that lady's vastly more desirable
niece, wilhelmine Andreä.-The French sculptor, M. Cordier,
has completed a series of ethnological sculptures; a branch of
art in which he stands perhaps unrivalled. The collection is
on view in the French Gallery, Pall Mall.-The restorations
of the cathedral of St. Denis are proceeding rapidly towards
completion. The choir and transept have been restored to
their "original" state, and shortly the tombs of the kings
will be all set to rights. The Bonaparte mausoleum has
been excavated under the nave, close to the remains of Louis
XVI., XVIII., etc. Though not very large, it is divided into
a main body and two side aisles. In making the excavations
a number of stone tombs of the Merovingian period were
discovered: the contents were not of importance. A plan is
under consideration for the complete restoration (in the
language of common sense, demolition) of the whole
façade. Two towers are to flank the grand entrance,
which is to have three doors richly sculptured, and sepa-Chappell's Musical Gift-Book, by Rimbault, royal 8vo, 73. 6d. bds.
rated by socles supporting four equestrian statues in memory
of the sovereigns who retired to the abbey of St. Denis.-
A Russian church is being erected in the Rue de la Croix,
Paris, near the park of Monceaux, in the style of the Kremlin.
The general competition for the new Parisian Opera
House, at the junction of the Boulevard des Capucines and
the Rue de Lafayette, was to close on the 31st of January.
The approved designer is to have the direction of the works,
which are to provide for a stage of about 400 persons, and an
audience of about 2,000.-An artist in Paris has found a
means of softening any wood sufficiently to receive an im-
pression of a sculptured or chased mould, afterwards harden-
ing the wood to the consistency of metal, without affecting
the impression. Some articles of furniture have already been
produced on this system.-The Emperor Napoleon has com-
missioned M. Ernest Renan to travel in Phoenicia in quest
of inscriptions and antiquities; and M. Feydau, the author
of the well-known Fanny, to make an archaeological tour
in Algeria.-The Sala delle Gemme, in the Uffizi Gallery
of Florence, was robbed, on the night of 17th December, of
a vast quantity of precious articles, including several rings
by Cellini.
Other objects were wantonly damaged. The
total loss is estimated at from £40,000 to over £100,000.
The thieves remain as yet untraced.-A chalk drawing by
Da Vinci of a girl's head, and a triptych attributed to
Hemling, have been bought for the Louvre at the respective
prices of £180 and £540; also the entire collection of art and
vertu formed by the Prince de Soltikoff.

W. M. ROSSETTI.

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