INDEX.

Ad valorem ties, defined, 231-2. Their effect in 1846-54, 355–6.
Agriculture. Quesnay's view of, 18. Adam Smith's, 19. A fundamental in-
dustry, 40, 90-1. Its historic beginnings, 49-50, 69, 197. Its progress,
70-2, 113-4. Intensive and extensive, 71-2, 237. Benefited by the neigh-
borhood of other industries, 40, 46-7, 90-3, 212–7, 223, 235–6, 241–5, 259,
263, 276, 291-3, 305, 311, 320, 327, 342, 352-3. Needs intelligence and
education, 83, 365, 385-7. In Germany, 72-3, 88-9, 122, 171-2, 323, 327.
In Italy, 48, 73, 90, 121. In England, 58-9, 74-83, 97, 122-3, 124, 129–30,
130-1, 212-4, 259. In Belgium, 57, 72, 87-8, 171, 236, 319-20. In France,
86-7, 97-8, 123, 171, 273. In Switzerland, 58, 89. In Spain, 73. In
Russia, 89-90, 124. In Scandinavia, 89, 113, 332. In America, 60, 92–3,
109-113, 172, 215, 239-44, 263, 341-2, 343, 348, 350, 357, 385–7.
Alcavala, a Spanish tax, 183.

Alcohol, its use a survival, 66. The heaviest tax on the working class, 131-2.
Taxes on it, 183, 184. In India, 314-5. In England, 302.

Alleghenies, their settlement, 111.

Annuities, perpetual, 191-2. Terminable, 192.

Apprentices, limited by Trades' Unions, 135.

Arbitration between capital and labor, 136, 139.

Architecture, true and false, 393–4.

Argyle, Duke of, 108.

Aristocracy, its origin, 32-3. Its decay, 64. Loss of power in England,

282-3.

Aristotle, 14, 15, 32.

Arkwright, 128, 220, 281, 388.

Art in relation to science, 11, 14-15, 23, 24, 267.

Arts, use of gold and silver in, 145. Fine art in Japan, 376. In industrial
education, 390-4.

"Arts, the seven liberal," 369.

Ashburton, Lord, 156, 166.

Association, man's progress to and by, 29, 32–6, 40, 49, 50, 70, 142, 143, 154,
137, 216-7, 220-1. Its decline, 217, 223, 301-2, 311-2, 334, 337-8, 341.
Earliest forms, 32-3, 73-4, 98, 219. Of labor and capital, 115, 123, 135-6,
138-9, 254. Of workingmen, 25, 133–5, 136-8, 139–40, 202–3.

Atmosphere, the great storehouse, 43-5.

Babbage, 138.

Balance of trade, mercantile theory of, 16, 209. Say on, 20, 21, 207. Tooke,

23-4, 207. Its .elative importance, 151-2, 206-8. Between England and
Portugal, 334, 336. Between England and America, 343, 356. (See Pas-
sivity of Money.)

Bank-notes, first issued at Genoa, 153. Then in England, 153-4, 162-3.
Their uses, 154-5, 169-70. "Over-issues," 156, 165, 173, 175 Guaran-
tees, 155-6.

Banks, their rise, 153, 157. Their services, 154-6. Their functions, 158–62.
Freedom and safety, 155–6, 170, 175. Their impolicy, 161-2, 164, 166, 173.
In Italy, 153, 157-8, 161, 162. In Northern Europe, 153, 157, 158, 162,
171, 171-2. In England, 162-8. In Scotland, 168-70. In France, 170-1.
In America, 172-8. (See Bullion, Cash Credits, Clearing-house, Credit
System, Discounts, Money of Account, Panics.)

"Bank-screw" in England, 166–7.

Banks, land, 171-2.

Banks, people's or labor, 139-40.

Bankruptcy, forced and needless, 167, 173. France in Law's time, 170. In
America, 350, 354, 357.

Barter, the first form of trade, 15, 142, 152.

Bastiat, 30, 126, 129, 266.

Baxter, Dudley, 211-2.

Beet sugar, 254, 272-3, 319, 322.

Benedictine monks, 14.

Berkeley, Bishop, 26.

Bible quoted: Old Testament, 35, 36, 49, 68, 73, 119, 202, 221. 367. New
Testament, 38, 39, 50, 190, 223, 368. Its place in education, 381-4.

Bill of exchange in antiquity, 152. Reinvented by the Caursins, 152-3. Its
nature, 153. Use in the United States, 177.

Biography in education, 380-1.

Black death, 74.

Blanqui, 21, 249, 253.

Bolles, Prof., 26.

Bowen, 193.

Bowring, 312, 326, 328.

Bright, John, 187, 192.

Brougham, Henry, 348-50.

Bullion in the Bank of England, 165-7. In that of France, 171.
Büring, 172.

Burke, 20, 225.

Bushnell, Dr. Horace, 227-8, 231, 347.

Byles, Judge, 31, 309.

Cæsar, 214, 283.

Cairnes, J. E., 25, 63, 149.

INDEX.

399
Capital defined, 115, 307-8. Its growth, 55, 237-8, 260-1. Its fair share,
24-5, 115-6, 124-6. Restrained by boundary lines, 19. Its tyrannous
power, 28-9, 200-–1, 209, 222–3, 281, 301. Its responsibility, 120–1. Its
relation to improved agriculture, 72. Its policy toward labor, 119-20,
132-9. Is benefited by varied industry, 129, 237-8, 307-8. Relative ster-
ility when employed in foreign trade, 205-6. Should legislation change
its direction? 260-1. Fertilizes labor, 115, 123, 125-6, 135-6, 151-2, 154-5,
207-8, 274. England's accumulations, 125, 149, 151-2, 168, 209, 212, 281.
Ireland's want, 130, 307-9. Drained out of Portugal, 334. And Turkey,
339.

Carpets, Turkish, 336-7, 390.

"Cash credits," in Scotland, 154-5, 169. In America, 204.

Cattle, first form of property, 73-4, 142. Early use as money, 142, 143.
Early British, 101, 122. Value in agriculture, 46, 72, 92, 244.

Carey, Henry C., 29, 101, 126, 144, 294.

Carey, Matthew, 29, 173.

Carlyle, Thomas, 321-2.

Caursins, invented bills of exchange, 152.

Celibacy, its effects, 56, 65. In antiquity, 60-1. In America, 65.

Census, British, 62. Irish, 62-3. American of 1870 and 1880, 359.

Centennial Exhibition, 358-9.

Chalmers, Dr. Thomas, 23, 55, 288.

Chase, Salmon P., 176, 193.

Checks on population, 54, 56, 65.

Checks, bank, 160, 163.

Chemistry, 11, 15, 67. Agricultural, 46, 59, 113-4, 385, 386. Industrial,
254-5, 272, 322, 387-8.

Chevalier, 21, 149, 249, 250, 354.

Cicero, 152.

City, its history, 32-3. Becomes the empire, 33. Hated by the Teutons, 33.
The closest association, 142. Duties, 52-3.

Civilization, its material progress, 29-30, 37-8, 40. Is normal, not excep-
tional, 56-7. (See Differentiation of Function, Division of Labor, Power
over Nature, Progress.)

Clay, Henry, 234, 351, 352-3.

Cleanliness, its promotion by law, 52-3, 67. And temperance, 132.

Clearing-house, anticipated in French fairs, 160. Adopted in Scotland, 160,
169. A bank is one, 159-60. Its operations, 160. Between national
banks, 176. National proposed, 177-8.

Climate, changed in England, 71.

Clover, its use in farming, 45, 244.

Commerce between climates, 217.

Coal, its origin, 44. A labor-saver, 69. Irish and English, 298. Flemish, 318.
Cobden, 149, 187, 192, 230, 273, 288, 330, 336.

Coins, origin and shapes, 143. Of various substances, 148. Superseded by
money of account, 157-8.

Coinage, English, under Sir Isaac Newton, 163.

Colbert, 17, 191, 209, 269-71, 273, 279.

Coleridge, S. T., 27, 28, 38, 79-81, 201, 253.

Colwell, Stephen, 30, 208, 356.

Commerce, definition and origin, 197. True sense of the word, 362. Trader's
tax on, 198-9. Neighborhood commerce, 199-200, 201-2, 216–7. Distant,
200--1, 210. On credit, 203–5. Smith and Say's theories of foreign,
205--9. The present English theory, 209-16. In raw materials, 214-6.
True and false commerce, 217-8. Protection makes commerce equitable,
245-8. French, 273, 274. English, 281, 282, 284-5. Australian, 296-7.
Portuguese, 334-5. Turkish, 336-7. Amer-

"Gold is a

Indian, 311-2, German, 328.
ican, 342-3, 348, 349-50, 355, 356, 357. (See Credit System, Trader.)
"Commodities are paid for with commodities," 20, 207-8, 334.
commodity like any other," 149-52, 207-8.
Commons enclosed in Italy, 73. In England, 77-8.
Community in land, 74, 75, 90, 98-9.

Competition highly estimated by the English school, 19, 22, 287, 309. Its
relation to rent, 22, 93-5, 98-9. Restricted in the land market, 96, 305-7.
Limited by custom, 24, 74--5, 98-9, 118-9. Does not always adjust prices,
201, 202. When does it raise wages? 129-30, 236, 303. Attempts to su-
persede it, 25, 136-8, 202-3. Protection promotes it, 226-7, 233-4, 251-2.
England's competition with the world, 213, 274, 281, 296–7, 301, 318, 323,
330, 336-7, 350-1, 356. French, Belgian, German and American com-
petition with England, 213, 233-4, 274, 284-7, 319, 328.
"Constitution and course of nature," 12, 29, 31, 37-8, 230, 376.
trated in the history of soil, 41-8. As regards population, 63–7.
human nature in regard to wages, 119-20, 121. As regards the growth
of varied industry, 219-21, 258-9.

Illus-
Of

Constitution of the United States, 224-5, 265. Industrial motives to its
adoption, 344.

"Consumer, protection discriminates against the," 256-7, 289, 327.
Continental currency, 172.

Continental system" of Napoleon, 254-5, 271-3, 281–2, 318, 323, 387-8.
Contraction practised arbitrarily by banks, 160, 161-2, 176. In England
in 1783-1815, and later panics, 164, 165. Necessitated by Peel's Bank
Law, 166-7, 168. In Scotland, 170. In the United States, 173, 176, 193.
Avoided in France, 171.

Coöperation in production, 25, 136-8, 366. In housekeeping, 141. In trad-
ing, 202-3.

Copper in coinage, 148. Cheapened by protection, 261.

Copyhold tenure of land, 74, 77.

Coral islands, 43.

Corners in wheat, 200. (See Forestalling.)

Corn Laws" repealed, 283, 284, 288. Their operation, 330, 350.

Cosmopolitical school founded by Adam Smith, 19-20. Its disciples, 20-26.