Thus sang Hallr:

He sated the Heath-Beasts' Hunger:
The hoar howler in wounds gladdened;
The king reddened the Wild One's mouth-hairs, -
The Wolf went to drink of the wound.

And again, as Thórdr sang:

In blood Gjálp's Stud-Horse waded,
The dusty pack got fullness.

Of the Greedy One's Wheat; the howler
Enjoyed the Ravener's Gore-Drink.

--

The bear is called Wide-Stepper, Cub, Winterling, Ourse, Gib-Cat, Tusker, Youngling, Roarer, Jölfudr,' WilfulSharp, She-Bear, Horse-Chaser, Scratcher, Hungry One, Blómr,' Bustler. The hart is called Módrödnir, Dalarr,' Dalr,3 Dáinn,* Dvalinn,* Duneyrr,* Durathrór. These are the names of horses enumerated in the Rhymes of Thorgrímr: 5

4 These are the names of the harts that feed on the leaves of the Ash Yggdrasill. See Gylfag., ch. xvi.

9 ?

5 For meanings not given in footnotes, see Gylfag., ch. xv, and Skálds., ch. xvii. 6 Raven. 8 Racer? (Cl.-Vig., p. 635). Dark-Gray.

10 Soot-Colored.

7 Hawk.

12 ?

13 Steed.

6

I heard Fákr spoke of;

Gullfaxi and Jór' with the Gods were.

And Morginn on Vakr;'
Áli rode Hrafn,

They who rode onto the ice:
But another, southward,
Under Adils,

A gray one, wandered,
Wounded with the spear.

Björn rode Blakkr,

And Bjárr rode Kertr;2

Atli rode Glaumr,3
And Adils on Slöngvir;
Högni on Hölvir,

And Haraldr on Fölkvir;"
Gunnarr rode Goti,'

And Sigurdr, Grani.®

Arvakr9 and Alsvidro draw the Sun, as is written before; Hrímfaxi" or Fjörsvartnir" draw the Night; Skinfaxi" and Gladr are the Day's horses.

14

"These names of oxen are in Thorgrímr's Rhymes:

' Watchful, Nimble, Ambling, or perhaps Hawk.

Himinhrjódr' and Apli,2

Arfr3 and Arfuni.*

These are names of serpents: Dragon, Fáfnir, Mighty Monster, Adder, Nídhöggr, Lindworm, She-Adder, Góinn,3 Móinn, Grafvitnir, Grábakr, Ófnir, Sváfnir, Hooded One.

Neat-Cattle: Cow, calf, oxen, heifer, yearling, steer, bull. Sheep: Ram, buck, ewe, lamb, wether.

Swine: Sow, she-pig, boar, hog, suckling.

LVIII. "What are the names of the air and of the winds? Air is called Yawning Void and Middle World, Bird-Abode, Wind-Abode. Wind is called Storm, Breeze, Gale, Tempest, Gust, Blowing. Thus does one read in Alsvinnsmál:

Wind 't is called among menfolk,
And Waverer with the gods,-
Neigher the great powers name it;
Shrieker the giants,

And Shouter elves call it;

In Hel Clamorer 't is called.

The Wind is also called Blast.

LIX. "Two are those birds which there is no need to periphrase otherwise than by calling blood and corpses their Drink and Meat: these are the raven and the eagle. All other male birds may be periphrased in metaphors of blood

' Heaven-Bellowing, or perhaps Heaven-Destroyer.
3 Bull; properly cattle, pecus, fee; hence, inheritance.
5 For these names and their meanings, see Gylfag., ch. xvi.

2 Calf.

4 Heir; cf. with 3.

or corpses; and then their names are terms of the eagle or the raven. As Thjódólfr sang:

The Prince with Eagle's Barley
Doth feed the bloody moor-fowl:
The Hörd-King bears the sickle
Of Odin to the gory Swan's crop;
The Sater of the Vulture

Of the Eagle's Sea of corpses

Stakes each shoal to the southward

Which he wards, with the spear-point.

These are names of the raven: Crow, Huginn,' Muninn,' Bold of Mood, Yearly Flier, Year-Teller, Flesh-Boder. Thus sang Einarr Tinkling-Scale:

With flesh the Host-Convoker

Filled the feathered ravens:

The raven, when spears were screaming,
With the she-wolf's prey was sated.

Thus sang Einarr Skúlason:

He who gluts the Gull of Hatred,
Our precious lord, could govern
The sword; the hurtful raven
Of Huginn's corpse-load eateth.

And as he sang further:

But the King's heart swelleth,
His spirit flushed with battle,

I For the meaning of these names (which are those of Odin's Ravens), see
Gylfag., ch. xxxviii.