So has Rome's Mighty Ruler Thus sang Skapti Thóroddsson: The King of Monks is greatest King of the Heavens, as Markús sang: Thus sang The King of the Wind-House fashioned Christ, sole Prince of Mortals, Eilífr Kúlnasveinn: The Host of the beaming World's Roof Son of Mary, as Eilífr sang further: The bright Host of Heaven boweth King of Angels, as Eilífr sang again: The goodly might of God's friend King of Jordan, as Sigvatr sang: Four angels the King of Jordan To earthward; and the stream washed King of Greeks, as Arnórr sang: I have lodged for the hero's ashes Thus sang Eilífr Kúlnasveinn: The Glory of Heaven praises Man's Prince: He is King of all things. Here he called Christ, first, King of Men, and again, King of All. Einarr Skúlason sang: He who compasseth, Bright in Mercy, All the world, and gently careth For all, caused the realm of Heaven LII. "There the metaphors coincide; and he who interprets the language of poesy learns to distinguish which king is meant; for it is correct to call the Emperor of Constantinople King of Greeks, and similarly to call the king who rules over the land of Jerusalem King of Jerusalem, and also to call the Emperor of Rome King of Rome, and to call him King of Angles' who governs England. But that periphrasis which was cited but now, which called Christ King of Men, may be had by every king. It is proper to periphrase all kings by calling them Land-Rulers, or LandWarders, or Land-Attackers, or Leader of Henchmen, or Warder of the People. Thus sang Eyvindr Skald-Despoiler: Who filled the ravens From life was reft By the Earth-Rulers And as Glúmr Geirason sang: The Prince beneath the helmet As Thjódólfr sang: 'T is my wish that the glorious Leader And the sod of his fair freehold. 'The reverse of Gregory's pun: "Non Angli sed angeli." 2 See page 98. As Einarr sang: The valiant-souled Earth-Warder The fame of the King of Hördland. It is right also to call him King of Kings, under whom are tributary kings. An emperor is highest of kings, and next under him is that king who reigns over a nation; and each of these is equal to the other in the periphrases made of them in poesy. Next to them are those men who are called earls or tributary kings: and they are equal in periphrasis with a king, save that one may not term them kings of nations. And thus sang Arnórr Earl's Skald concerning Earl Thorfinnr: Let the men hear how the Earl's King, The overwhelming Ruler Failed not to thwart the ocean. Next to these in the figures of poesy are those men who are called chiefs: one may periphrase them as one might a king or an earl, calling them Dispensers of Gold, WealthMunificent, Men of the Standards, and Captains of the Host, or Van-Leaders of the Array or of Battle; since each king of a nation, who rules over many lands, appoints tributary kings and earls in joint authority with himself, to administer the laws of the land and defend it from attack in those parts which lie far removed from the king. And in those parts they shall be equal with the king's self in giving judgment and meting punishment. Now there are many districts in one land; and it is the practice of kings to appoint justiciars over as many districts as one chooses to give into their hands. These justiciars are called chiefs or landedmen in the Danish tongue, reeves in Saxony, and barons in England. They are also to be righteous judges and faithful warriors over the land which is entrusted to them for governance. If the king is not near, then a standard shall be borne before them in battle; and then they are quite as lawful war-captains as kings or earls. "Next under them are those men who are called franklins: they are those freeholders who are of honorable kindred, and possessed of full rights. One may periphrase them by calling them Wealth-Givers, and Protectors, and Reconcilers of Men; headmen also may have these titles. Kings and earls have as their following the men called henchmen and house-carles; landed-men also have in their service those who are called henchmen in Denmark and Sweden, and house-carles in Norway, and these men swear oaths of service to them, even as henchmen do to kings. The house-carles of kings were often called henchmen in the old heathen time. Thus sang Thorvaldr Blending Skald: Hail, King, swift in the onset! And thy sturdy house-carles with thee! King Haraldr Sigurdarson composed this: The man full mighty waiteth The filling of the King's seat; |