called greenbacks and the outstanding Treasury notes issued by the Government in payment of silver purchases under the Act of 1890." 1

The Republican party was sounder on finance than the Democratic and most of their prominent leaders agreed with Cleveland on the money question; this did not tend to help him with the Democrats. Senator Sherman in an accurate history of this phase wrote: "While distinctly a Republican and strongly attached to that party, I supported, with the exception of the tariff law, the financial policy of the President and Secretary Carlisle. Mr. Cleveland was a positive force in sustaining all measures in support of the public credit. Mr. Carlisle, who as member and senator had not been always equally positive on these measures yet was regarded as a conservative advocate of sound financial policy, readily and heartily supported the President in his recommendations. As these were in harmony with my convictions I found myself indorsing them as against a majority of the Democratic senators. My Republican colleagues, with scarcely an exception, favored the same policy." 2

In his first inaugural address Cleveland spoke of his 'supreme and sacred trust" and he consecrated himself to the service of "a great and free people." He thoroughly lived up to his promise; and time wrought in his favor. He eventually commanded the admiration and respect of

1 Richardson, ix. 642, 646.

2 Rec. ii. 1208. Sherman further wrote: "I was often annoyed by unfounded assertions that I had influence with the administration and especially with Carlisle, that I was in frequent conference with the President and Secretary. These stories were entirely unfounded. Neither of these gentlemen ever consulted me as to the business of their offices, nor did I ever seek to influence them or even to converse with them on political questions." Ibid., 1215.

independent thinkers all over the country irrespective of party. The opinions of three of his successors may well fix his place in history. "As Civil Service Commissioner," said Theodore Roosevelt while President, "I was much impressed by Cleveland's high standard of official conduct and his rugged strength of character." Cleveland "was a great President," declared William H. Taft while in the White House, "because he was a patriot with the highest sense of public duty, a statesman of clear perceptions, of the utmost courage of his convictions and of great plainness of speech" and "a man of the highest character." And Woodrow Wilson: 2 Cleveland was "more man than partisan; hardly a colleague of the Houses so much as an individual servant of the country; exercising his powers like a chief magistrate rather than like a party leader. He called himself a party man but ... deemed his party better served by manliness and integrity than by chicanery. We need not pretend to know what history shall say of Mr. Cleveland. . . . We know only that he has played a great part. has made policies and altered parties after the fashion of an earlier age in our history and the men who assess his fame in the future will be no partisans but men who love candor, courage, honesty, strength, unshaken capacity and high purpose such as his."

He

1 "Mr. Cleveland, I am proud to have served under you," said President Roosevelt.

2 Atlantic Monthly, March, 1897.

INDEX

Adams, C. F., on civil service under Anti-Trust Act, 358.
Cleveland, 254.

Adams, Henry, on panic of 1893, 402;
on World's Fair, 417.

Agriculture, failure (1881), 205; crops
(1880-84), 205 n.; (1889-1891),
369, 395; question of overproduc-
tion, 235-239; prices (1880-85),
238 n.;
protection in McKinley
Act, 348; financial stringency, 370,
406. See also Economic conditions.
Albright, Charles, prosecution of Molly
Maguires, 73, 80, 82, 83 n.

Aldrich, N. W., and tariff bill (1890),
350.

Allen, C. C., civil service investiga-
tion, 250 n.

Allen, J. B., and silver, 354 n.
Allen, William, Ohio campaign (1875),
373.

Allison, W. B., and Hayes-Conkling

contest, 91; silver bill, 94; and
Interstate Commerce Bill, 290.
Altgeld, J. P., pardons anarchists,
285 n.; and railway strike, 426.
Ambler, J. H., member of Tariff Com-
mission, 172 n.

American Railway Union strike, origin,
424; federal injunctions, rioting,
425; federal troops, Altgeld's pro-
test, 426; contempt proceedings,
injunction as weapon, 427; approval
of Cleveland's action, 427, 428.
Anarchist riot in Chicago. See Hay-
market.

Ancient Order of Hibernians, and
Molly Maguires, 57.

Angell, J. B., Chinese negotiations,

195; on Sackville-West, 324 n.
Anthracite coal, rioting of miners
(1877), 43-45; mining system, 53;
strike (1874), 61-64. See also Molly
Maguires.

Arbitration, industrial, Cleveland's
message on voluntary, federal law,

277.

Arbitration, international, of Guiana
boundary dispute, 452; general
American-British draft treaty (1897),

455.

Argentine Republic, and Baring panic,
368.

Army, in railroad riots of 1877, 20, 22,
36-40, 42, 45, 47; riots as an argu-
ment for increase, 48, 277; trade-
unionism and, 49; compared with
militias, 50; in American Railway
Union riots, 426.

Arrears of Pensions Act, 295.
Arthur, C. A., Collector at New York,
removal, 88, 90; vice-presidential
nomination, 134; on Indiana State
campaign, 136; and Garfield-Conk-
ling quarrel, becomes President, 146;
Cabinet, 152; and Chilean-Peruvian
War, 153, 155; and Blaine's Peace
Congress plan, 157; and civil ser-
vice reform, 162, 165, 166; on need
of tariff reform, 170; appointments
to Tariff Commission, 172; Chinese
exclusion veto, 195, 196; on reduc-
tion of postage, 197; veto of River
and Harbor Bill, 198; appointments
to Supreme Court, 199; character
as President, 199, 206; attitude
towards renomination, 200, 206;
antagonism of Blaine, Conkling, and
Platt, 200, 208; Grant's opposition,
200, 201; opposition and support,
205, 207; retains Lowell, 206;
candidacy in convention, 212-214;
and generalship for Grant, 260; and
new navy, 438.

Arthur, P. M., antagonism to Knights
of Labor, 271, 276 n.

Benedict, E. C., and operation on Bland-Allison Act, passage, 94-97;