Government, from that day to this, was mainly determined by the impress given to it while Washington remained at the head of affairs. This subject, treated with the candor, discrimination, industry, and ability which Mr. Hildreth's volumes already published give us a right to expect, can hardly fail to attract and reward a large share of public attention.—————An Astronomical Expedition has been sent out by the United States Government to Santiago, Chili, for the purpose of making astronomical observations. It is under the charge of Lieut. astronomers of his age now living. The Chilian Government has received the expedition with great cordiality, and has availed itself of the liberal offer of the United States Government to admit several young men to instruction in the Observatory, by designating three persons for that object. Letters from Lieut. G. show that he is prosecuting his labors with unwearied zeal and assiduity-having, up to the 1st of June, catalogued nearly five thousand stars. HUMBOLDT, in a letter to a friend, which has been published, expresses a high opinion of Lieut. GILLIS, and of the expedition in which he is engaged. In the same letter he speaks in warm terms of the great ability and merit, in their several departments, of TICKNOR, PRESCOTT, FREMONT, EMORY, GOULD, and other literary and scientific Americans. column to the page, and using smaller type, the whole will be comprised in a single volume, an improvement which, while it diminishes the cost, adds greatly to the convenience with which it may be used. This Lexicon is intended to give an account of all the Latin words found in the writings of the Romans from the earliest times to the fall of the Western Empire, as well as those from the Greek and other languages. The grammatical inflexions, both regular and irregular, of each word, are accurately pointed out; and the etymologies are made to embrace the results of modern scholar- | J. M. GILLIS, of the Navy, one of the ablest ship in that department as specifically applicable to the Latin language, without invading the proper province of comparative philology. To the definitions, as the most important department of lexicography, particular attention has been given; and the primary, the transferred, the tropical, and the proverbial uses of words are carefully arranged in the order of their development; the shades of difference in the meanings and uses of synonymous terms are pointed out. Special attention has been given to the chronology of words, i. e., to the time when they were in use, and they are designated accordingly as belonging to all periods of the language, or as "ante-classic," "quite classic," Ciceronian," "Augustan," " post-Augustan," "post-classic," or "late Latin," as the case may be. The student is also informed whether a word is used in prose or poetry, or in both, whether it is of common or rare occurrence, &c., &c.; and each of its uses is illustrated by a copious selection of examples, with a reference in every instance to the chapter, sec-portant item relates to a deplorable collision which tion, and verse where found. To those familiar has occurred between persons claiming lands unwith the subject, this brief description of the der titles derived from Capt. SUTTER, and others work will suffice to show its vast superiority who had taken possession of them and refused to over every dictionary of the Latin language at leave. Capt. Sutter held them under his Spanish present in use among us, and how much may be grant, the validity of which, so far as the territory expected in aid of the cause of sound learning in question is concerned, is disputed. Attempts from its introduction into our seminaries and col- to eject the squatters, in accordance with the leges. It will appear from the press of the Har- decision of the courts, were forcibly resisted at pers very soon.-- "The History of the Unit- Sacramento City on the 14th of August, and a ed States of America, from the adoption of the riot was the result, in which several persons on Federal Constitution to the end of the Sixteenth both sides were killed, and others severely Congress, in three volumes," is the title of a wounded. Several hundred were engaged in new work by Mr. HILDRETH, Whose three vol- the fight. As this occurred just upon the eve umes, bringing down the history of the United of the steamer's departure, the issue of the conStates to the adoption of the Federal Constitu- test is unknown. There is reason to fear that tion are already favorably known to the public. the difficulties to which it gives rise may not be The present volumes, the first of which is al- very soon or very easily settled. Among those ready in press, are intended to embrace a fully killed were Mr. Bigelow, Mayor of Sacramento authentic and impartial history of the two great City, Mr. Woodland, an auctioneer, and Dr. parties of Federalists and Republicans, or Demo- Robinson, the President of the Squatter Assocrats, as they were sometimes called, by which ciation. The news from the mines continues the country was divided and agitated for the to be encouraging. In the southern mines the first thirty years and upward subsequent to the dry season had so far advanced that the Stanisadoption of the Federal Constitution. The vol- laus and Tuolumne rivers were in good working ume now in press is devoted to the administra- condition, and yielded good returns. tion of Washington, a subject of great interest are given from the various localities showing and importance, since, during that period, not that the gold has been by no means exhausted. only were all the germs of the subsequent party From the northern mines similar accounts are distinctions fully developed, but because the received.The total amount received for real character and operation of the Federal duties by the Collector at San Francisco from From CALIFORNIA our intelligence is to the 15th of August, brought by the steamer Ohio, which reached New York on the 22d ult. The most im Details 706 November 12, 1849, to June 30, 1850, was From OREGON there is no news of interest, From JAMAICA we hear of the death of Gen. Herard, ex-President of Hayti, who has been The residing in Jamaica for several years. season has been favorable for the crops, and the There harvests of fruit were very abundant. had been several very severe thunderstorms, and several lives had been lost from lightning. Efforts are made to promote the culture of cotton upon the island. From NEW MEXICO Major R. H. WEIGHTMAN arrived at St. Louis, Aug. 22d, having been elected U. S. Senator by the state Legislature. He was on his way to Washington where he has since arrived. His colleague was Hon. F. A. CUNNINGHAM. In the popular canvass the friends of a state government carried every county except one, over those who desired a territorial organization. A conflict of authority had occurred between the newly elected state officers and the Civil and Military Governor, the latter refusing to transfer the authority to the former until New Mexico should be admitted A voluminous correspondence upon the subject between the two governors has been published.—The Indians at the latest dates were still committing the grossest outrages in all parts of the country. The crops were fine and promising. as a state. In ENGLAND the month. has been signalized by no event of special interest or importance. The incident which has attracted most attention grew out of the visit to England of General HAYNAU, the commander of the Austrian armies during the war with Hungary, who acquired for himself a lasting and infamous notoriety by the horrible cruelty which characterized his campaigns and his treatment of prisoners who fell into his hands. His proclamations, threat ening butchery and extermination to every Parliament was prorogued on the 15th of divide between landlord and tenant the net profits of cultivation. A tenant league is to be formed.—A dinner was given by the Fishmongers' Company of London to the Ministers on the 1st. Lord BROUGHAM was present, and excited attention and mirth by his way of test of public reform. If they applauded what he was about to say, they were reformers, as of old: if not, it would show that they had been corrupted. He was made a Fishmonger in 1820, and he hoped the Company were not ashamed of what they did in favor of an oppressed queen against an aggressive king and his minions of ministers. The remark was not -The re gone conclusion:-"Ah, I see;-you are far to pry into the petty details of private expendi- its session on the 6th in Dublin. The attendtures unworthy of the House, and indelicate ance of delegates was large. Resolutions were toward the Sovereign. Lord BROUGHAM resent- adopted declaring that a fair valuation of rent ed these censures with bitterness, and reproach- between landlord and tenant was indispensable; ed the Whigs with having changed their senti- that the tenant should not be disturbed so long ments and their conduct since they had tasted as he pays the rent fixed; that no further rent the sweets of office. This course, he said, show-shall be recoverable by process of law; and ed "most painfully that absolute prostration of that an equitable valuation for rent should the understanding which takes place, even in the minds of the bravest, when the word "prince" is mentioned in England.—We mentioned in our last number the presentation of a petition concerning the Liverpool waterworks, many of the signatures to which were found to be forgeries. The case was investi-ing the sentiments of the Company on matters gated by the Lords, and the presenters of the petition, Mr. C. Cream and Mr. M. A. Gage, were declared to have been guilty of a breach of privilege, and sent to Newgate for a fortnight. Lord CAMPBELL, on the 14th, expressed the opinion, as one of the judges of the land," that the new regulations forbidding the delivery or transit of letters on Sunday, had a tendency, so far as the administration of just-applauded, whereupon Lord B. drew his foreice was concerned, to obstruct works of necessity and mercy. The regulations have been essentially modified. The bill concerning parliamentary voters in Ireland, after passing the House of Lords with the rate requisite for franchise at £15, was amended in the Commons by substituting £12;-the amendment was concurred in by the Lords, and in that form the bill became a law. The effect of it will be to add some two hundred thousand to the number of voters in the kingdom.-Lord JOHN RUSSELL, in reply to a question from Mr. HUME, explained the nature of the British claims on Tuscany for injuries sustained by British subjects after the revolt of Leghorn, and the occupation of that city by an Austrian corps acting as auxiliaries to the Grand Duke. After all resistance was over, it seems, that corps plundered a number of houses, and among them houses belonging to British residents, and conspicuously marked as such by the British consul. The amount claimed was £1530.Complaint was made in the Commons by Mr. BERNAL, of the defective state of the regulations for the immigration of Africans into the West Indies. He said that contracts were now limited to one year, which often caused serious loss to the employer. He thought the evil might be remedied by making the contract for three years. He was told in reply that Lord Grey had already sanctioned contracts for three years in British Guiana and Trinidad, and would, of course, be quite prepared to do so in Jamaica. The immigration of free labor from Africa had proved a failure; but this was not the case with the immigration of Coolies. Many requests had been made to renew it, and arrangements had been made to comply with those requests. Arrangements had also been made, in consequence of communications with Dr. Gutzlaff, for introducing free Chinese immigrants into Trinidad. The Tenant-right conference of Ireland held -Prince Albert completed his thirty-first year on the 26th of August. The Queen left town on the 27th for Scotland.Sir George Anderson has been appointed Governor of Ceylon, in place of Lord Torrington, who has been recalled.The American steamer Pacific arrived at New York at half-past six P.M., on Saturday, the 21st ult., having left Liverpool at two P.M. on the 11th. She thus made the passage in ten days, four and a half hours: this is by several hours the quickest voyage ever made between the two ports. From FRANCE the only news of general interest relates to the tour of the President through the provinces. The Assembly had previously broken up, there not being a quorum present on the 9th. It was to re-assemble on the 11th of November. A Committee of Surveillance was to sit during the recess. On the 12th, the President started on his tour. He had given several military banquets, which, from their imperial aspect, and the political spirit manifested by the guests, created a great sensation. On one of these occasions, a dinner was given to the officers of a portion of the garrison of Paris; it is told, that after the company left the table, they adjourned into the garden to smoke their cigars; and there Louis Napoleon seeing a musket, took it up, and went through the manual exercise with great dexterity, to the great delight of the sergeants and corporals, who shouted "Vive le petit Corporal!" (the Emperor's pet-name among the soldiers) with great enthusiasm. During his tour, which was unattended by any very noticeable incident, he made very liberal distribution of crosses of honor, sometimes accompanied by gratuities to old officers and soldiers of the imperial army. He had a most brilliant reception at Lyons, where he spent a day, and was entertained at a grand dinner by the Chamber of Commerce. At Besançon he had a less gracious reception: at a ball given to him in the evening a mob broke into the room, shouting "Vive la Republique," and creating great confusion. The President left the room, which was cleared by General Castel-arrived in Philadelphia after a passage of twenlane at the point of the bayonet. At several other places demonstrations were made of a similar character, but much less violent. the house of M. de Montesquiou, at Baumga ten, where he remained until the end of 1794, when he quitted the place, and resolved to go to the United States. He was compelled to abasdon this project from lack of funds, and traveled on foot through Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Negotiations were now opened on the part of the Directory, who had in vain attempted to discover the place of his exile, to induce him to go to the United States, promising, in the event of his compliance, that the condition of the Duchess D'Orleans should be ameliorated, and that his younger brothers should be permitted to join him. Through the agency of M. Westford, of Hamburg, this letter was conveyed to the duke, who at once accepted the terms offered, and sailed from the mouth of the Elbe in the American, taking with him his servant Baudoin. He departed on the 24th of September, 1796, and LOUIS PHILLIPE, late King of France, died on the 26th of August, at Claremont, England, where he has resided since he became an exile. His health had gradually failed since he first left France, but it was not until the 24th, that he became fully sensible of the gravity of his disease. On that day he was carried out into the open air, and was present at dinner | with his family, although he ate nothing. During the night he was restless, and was informed by the queen that his medical attendants despaired of his recovery. The next morning, the doctor, on being asked his opinion, hesitated. "I understand," says the king, "you bring me notice to quit." To Col. Dumas he dictated a last page of his memoirs, which terminated a recital in which he had been engaged for the last four months. The king then sent for his chaplain, with whom he had a long interview. He repeatedly expressed his readiness for death, which came upon him at eight o'clock on the morning of Monday, the 26th. LOUIS PHILLIPE was born in Paris, Oct. 6, 1773, and was the eldest son of Phillipe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, known to the world by the sobriquet of Phillipe Egalité. His education was intrusted to Madame de Genlis, under whose direction he made himself familiar with the English, Ger*man, and Italian languages, and with the ordinary branches of scientific knowledge. In 1792, being then Duke de Chartres, he made his first campaign against the Austrians, fighting at Valmy and Jemappes. His father was executed January 21, 1793, and he was summoned with Gen. Dumouriez, before the Committee of Public Safety, seven months after. Both, however, fled, and escaped to Austria. Retiring to private life, and refusing the offer of Austria, he was joined by his sister Adelaide and their former preceptress, and repaired to Zurich, whence, however, he was soon compelled to make his escape. He became greatly straitened for means, and, finally, found protection in ty-seven days. In the November following, the young prince was joined by his two brothers, after a stormy passage from Marseilles; and the three brothers remained at Philadelphia during the winter. They afterward visited Mount Vernon, where they became intimate with General Washington; and they soon afterward traveled through the western country, and after a long and fatiguing journey they returned to Philadelphia; proceeding afterward to New Orleans, and, subsequently, by an English ship, to Havanna. The disrespect of the Spanish authorities at the Havanna, soon compelled them to depart, and they proceeded to the Bahama Islands, where they were treated with much kindness by the Duke of Kent, who, however, did not feel authorized to give them a passage to England in a British frigate. They, accordingly, embarked for New York, and thence sailed to England in a private vessel, arriving at Falmouth in February, 1800. After proceeding to London they took up their residence at Twickenham, where for some time they enjoyed comparative quiet, being treated with distinction by all classes of society. Their time was now principally spent in study, and no event of any importance disturbed their retreat, until the death of the Duke de Montpensier, on the 18th of May, 1807. The Count Beau jolais soon afterward proceeded to Malta, where he died in 1808. The Duke of Orleans now quitted Malta, and went to Messina, in Sicily, accepting an invitation from King Ferdinand. During his residence at Palermo he gained the affections of the Princess Amelia, and was mar. ried to her in 1809. No event of any material importance marked the life of the young couple until the year 1814, when it was announced in Palermo that Napoleon had abdicated the throne, and that the restoration of the Bourbon family was about to take place. The duke sailed immediately, and arrived in Paris on the 18th of May, where, in a short time, he was in the enjoyment of the honors to which he was so well entitled. The return of Napoleon in 1815, soon disturbed his tranquillity; and, having sent his ance of the offer took place on the 9th. From the accession of Louis Philippe as King of the French, in 1830, his life is universally known. His reign was marked by sagacity and upright intentions. He committed the unpardonable error, however, of leaving the people entirely out of his account, and endeavored to fortify himself by allying his children to the reigning families of Europe. He married his eldest son Ferdinand, Duke of Orleans (born 1810) to the Princess Helen of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; his daughter Louisa (born 1812) to Leopold, King of the Belgians; his son Louis, Duke of Nemours (born 1814) to the Princess Victoria of Saxe Coburg Gotha; his daughter Clementina (born 1817) to Prince Augustus of Saxe Coburg Gotha; his son Francis, Prince of Joinville (born 1818) to the Princess Frances Caroline, of Brazil; his son the Duke of Aumale (born 1822) to the Princess Caroline, of Salerno, and his son Antony, Duke of Montpensier (born 1824) to Louisa, sister and heir presumptive of the reigning Queen of Spain. But these royal alliances served him not in the day of his distress. The fatal 24th of February came, and swept away the throne he had taken so much pains to consolidate, and he signed his act of abdication, accepting the regency of the Duchess of Orleans. His subsequent fate is familiar to all. His flight from Paris to the sea-shore; his escape in disguise to England; his kind reception in that country, are well known. Claremont was given him as an abode, and there, with the exception of occasional visits to Richmond and St. Leonard's, Louis Philippe continued to reside. There, too, he breathed his last on Monday morning, the 26th of August, in the 77th year of his age. His death excited general comment, but was universally regarded as an event of no political importance. A very imposing review of the French fleet at the harbor of Cherbourg, took place on the 7th inst. A great number of the English nobility and gentlemen were present by special invitation, and a magnificent display was made of British yachts. An immense concourse of people was in attendance, and the President, Prince LOUIS NAPOLEON, was received with distinguished honors. The parting salute at sunset, when over two thousand pieces of ordnance crashed forth with a simultaneous roar, was highly effective. family to England, he proceeded, in obedience, the terms of a revised charter. His formal acceptto the command of Louis XVIII., to take the command of the army of the north. He remained in this situation until the 24th of March, 1815, when he resigned his command to the Duke de Treviso and retired to Twickenham. On the return of Louis, after the hundred days -in obedience to the ordinance issued, requiring all the princes of the blood to take their seats in the Chamber of Peers-the duke returned to France in 1815; and, by his liberal sentiments, rendered himself so little agreeable to the administration, that he returned to England, where he remained until 1817. In that year he returned to France, continuing now in a private capacity, as he was not a second time summoned to sit in the Chamber of Peers. For some years after this period the education of his family deeply engaged his attention; and while the Duke of Orleans was thus pursuing a career apart from the court, a new and unexpected scene was opened in the drama of his singularly eventful and changeful life. In 1830 that revolution occurred in France which eventuated in the elevation of the Duke of Orleans to the throne. The cause of the elder branch of the Bourbons having been pronounced hopeless, the king in effect being discrowned, and the throne rendered vacant, the Provisional Government which had risen out of the struggle, and in which Laffitte, Lafayette, Thiers, and other politicians, had taken the lead, turned toward the Duke of Orleans, whom it was proposed, in the first instance, to invite to Paris, to become Lieutenant-general of the kingdom, and afterward, in a more regular manner, to become King. The Duke of Orleans, during the insurrection, had been residing in seclusion at his country seat, and, if watching the course of events, apparently taking no active part in dethroning his kinsman. M. Thiers and M. Scheffer were appointed to conduct the negotiation with the duke, and visited Neuilly for the purpose. The duke, however, was absent, and the interview took place with the duchess and Princess Adelaide, to whom they represented the danger with which the nation was menaced, and that anarchy could only be averted by the prompt decision of the duke to place himself at the head of the new constitutional monarchy. M. Thiers expressed his conviction "that nothing was left the Duke of Orleans but a choice of dangers; and that, in the existing state of things, to recoil from the possible perils of royalty was to run full upon the republic and its inevitable violences." The substance of the communication having been made known to the duke, on a day's consideration he acceded to the request, and at noon on the 31st came to Paris to accept the office which had been assigned to him. On the 2d of August the abdiction of Charles X. and his son was placed in the hands of the Lieutenantgeneral, the abdication, however, being in favor of the Duke of Bordeaux. On the 7th the Chamber of Deputies declared the throne vacant; and on the 8th the Chamber went in a body to the Duke of Orleans, and offered him the Crown on -The trade of Paris is said to be unusually brisk this season. Wheat is abundant and all the harvests yield good returns, though fears are entertained that the quality of the vintage may be inferior.The proceedings of the General Councils of sixty-four of the eighty-five departments of France are now known.-Forty-seven have pronounced in favor of the revision of the actual constitution. Seven have rejected resolutions recommending the revision, and ten have declined the expression of an opinion upon the subject. Only three have declared themselves in favor of an extension and continuance of the power now confided to LOUIS NAPOLEON BONA |