Qualifications of 5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of the President. this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. Provision in 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the case of his dis- powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law ability. provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected. Salary of the Oath of the Duties of the 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office he shall take the following oath or affirmation : "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." SECTION II. 1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States except in cases of impeachment. May make trea- 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided twoties, appoint thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the a in bassadors, Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other judges, etc. officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be es tablished by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper n the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. May fill vacan cies. 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. May make rec- SECTION III. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and ommendations recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordito and con- nary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to vene Congress. the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. officers SECTION IV. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from may be re office ou impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. How moved. Judicial power. ARTICLE III. SECTION I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior how invested. courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall at stated times receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. To what cases it extends. SECTION II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. of 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be the Supreme party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before-mentioned the Supreme Court. Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. Jurisdiction Rules respecting trials. Treason defined. How punished. Rights of States and records. Privileges of citizens. Executive requisitions. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. SECTION III. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture except during the life of the person attained. ARTICLE IV. SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECTION II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. Laws regulating 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another shall, in conservice or la sequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. bor. New States, how SECTION III. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed and formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more admitted. States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. Power of Con- 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the terrigress over tory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to public lands. prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Republican gov- SECTION IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, erninent guar- and shall protect each of them against invasion, and, on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when anteed. the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Constitution, ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this how amended. Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the Ninth Section of the First Article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. Supreme law of 2. This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof and all the land de- treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the fined. land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. Oath; of whom 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and required and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or for what. affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. Ratification of The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution the Constitu- between the States so ratifying the same. tion. Religion and free speech. Right to bear arms. Soldiers in time. of peace. Right of search. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. ARTICLE II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE V. Capital crimes No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other infamous crime unless on a presentment or indictment and arrest of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in therefor. time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Right to speedy trial. Trial by jury. Excessive bail. Enumeration of rights. Reserved rights of States. Judicial power. Electors in ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shail have been previous ly ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. ARTICLE XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of Presidential whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the elections. person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the num ber of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person hav ing the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest num bers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose im. mediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other Vice-President. constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. ARTICLE XIII. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction 8. Congress shall have power to amfosca th's article by wppropriats legislation. Protection for all citizens. tatives. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES-Continued ARTICLE XIV. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Apportionment 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting of Represen- the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male members of such State, being of twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the propor tion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or against the holding any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an United States. oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Rebellion 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection and rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article. 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of this article by appropriate legislation. RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION. The Constitution was ratified by the thirteen original States in the following order: Delaware, December 7, 1787, unanimously. South Carolina, May 23, 1788, vote 149 to 73. New Hampshire, June 21, 1788, vote 57 to 46. New York, July 26, 1788, vote 30 to 28. RATIFICATION OF THE AMENDMENTS. I. to X. inclusive were declared in force December 15, 1791. XI. was declared in force January 8, 1798. XII., regulating elections, was ratified by all the States except Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and New nampsnire, which rejected it. It was declared in force September 28, 1804. XIII. The emancipation amendment was ratified by 31 of the 36 States; rejected by Delaware and Kentucky, not acted on by Texas; "onditionally ratified by Alabama and Mississippi. Proclaimed December 18, 1865. XIV. Reconstruction amendment was ratified by 23 Northern States; rejected by Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and 10 Southern States, and not acted on by California. The 10 Southern States subsequently ratified under pressure. Proclaimed July 28, 1868. XV. Negro citizenship amendment was not acted on by Tennessee, rejected by California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, and Oregon; ratified by the remaining 30 States. New York rescinded its ratification January 5, 1870. Proclaimed March 30, 1870. The Capitol at Washington. THE Capitol is situated in latitude 380 53′ 20.4 north and longitude 770 00' 35.7 west from Greenwich. It fronts east, and stands on a plateau eighty-eight feet above the level of the Potomac. The rotunda is ninety-five feet six inches in diameter, and its height from the floor to the top of the canopy is one hundred and eighty feet three inches. The Senate Chamber is one hundred and thirteen feet three inches in length, by eighty feet three inches in width, and thirty-six feet in height. The galleries will accommodate one thousand persons. The Representatives' Hall is one hundred and thirty-nine feet in length, by ninety-three feet in width, and thirty-six feet in height. The room now occupied by the Supreme Court was, until 1859, occupied as the Senate Chamber. Previous to that time the court occupied the room immediately beneath, now used as a law library. The National Flag. THE official flag of the United States bears forty-five stars in a blue field, arranged in six rows-the first, third, and fifth rows having eight stars each, and the others having seven stars each. (When Oklahoma is admitted to the Union, July 4, 1907, the number of stars will be increased to 46, and if Arizona and New Mexico accept joint statehood the number will be 47 when the new State is admitted.) The garrison flag of the Army is made of bunting, thirty-six feet fly and twenty feet hoist; thirteen stripes, and in the upper quarter, next the staff, is the field or "union" of stars, equal to the number of States, on blue field, over one-third length of the flag, extending to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. The storm flag is twenty feet by ten feet, and the recruiting flag nine feet nine inches by four feet four inches. The American Jack" is the "union" or blue field of the flag. The Revenue Marine Service tag, authorized by act of Congress, March 2, 1799, was originally prescribed to consist of sixteen perpendicular stripes, alternate red and white, the union of the ensign bearing the arms of the United States in dark blue on a white field." The sixteen stripes represented the number of States which had been admitted to the Union at that time, and no change has been made since. Prior to 1871 it bore an eagle in the union of the pennant, which was then substituted by thirteen blue stars in a white field, but the eagle and stars are still retained in the flag. June 14, the anniversary of the adoption of the National flag, is celebrated as Flag Day in the public schools, and by the display of the emblem on public buildings and private houses in a large part of the Union. Declaration of Endependence. IN CONGRESS JULY 4, 1776. THE unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America. When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitles them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to then shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-Citizens taken captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have ap DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE-Continued. pealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind. Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. WE, THEREFORE, the REPRESENTATIVES of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN GENERAL CONGRESS, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly PUBLISH and DECLARE, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be FREE AND INDEPENDENT States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they have full Power to levý War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, We mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor. (The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members:) JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire-Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Connecticut-Roger Sherman, Sam'el Huntington, Wm. Williams, Oliver Wolcott. New York-Wm Floyd, Phil. Livingston, Frans. Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey-Richd. Stockton, Jno. Witherspoon, Fras. Hopkinson, John Hart, Abra. Clark. Pennsylvania-Robt. Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benja. Franklin, Jolin Morton, Geo. Clymer, Jas. Smith, Geo. Taylor, James Wilson, Geo. Ross. Delaware-Caesar Rodney, Geo. Read, Theo. M'Kean. Maryland-Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Virginia-George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Th. Jefferson, Benja. Harrison, Thos. Nelson, jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina-Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina-Edward Rutledge, Thos. Heyward, junr., Thomas Lynch, junr., Arthur Middleton. Georgia-Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, Geo. Walton. The United States Census. THE Constitution requires that a census of the United States shall be taken decennially. The First Census was taken in 1790 under the supervision of the President; subsequent censuses, to and including that of 1840, were taken under the supervision of the Secretary of State. In 1849 the supervision of the census was transferred to the newly organized Department of the Interior, and continued under the control of that department until the passage of the act of 1903 creating the Department of Commerce and Labor; by this act the Census Office was transferred to the supervision of the new department. Congress, by act approved March 6, 1902, made the Census Office a permanent bureau of the Government. The last census of the United States was taken in 1900, in accordance with the act of Congress approved March 3, 1899. This act divided the statistical inquiry into two classes: Reports of the Twelfth Census, comprising population, manufactures, agriculture, and vital statistics; and special reports, the insane and feeble-minded, deaf, dumb, and blind; crime, pauperism, and benevolence; deaths and births in registration areas, social statistics of cities, wealth, debt, and taxation; religious bodies, electric light and power, telephones and telegraphs, transportation by water, street railways, express companies, and mines and mining. To these were subsequently added annual statistics of cotton production. The series comprising the main reports of the Twelfth Census were by law ordered compiled and published by July 1, 1902, after which the special reports were to receive consideration. In accordance with this law, ten volumes of the main reports, comprising about 10,000 pages, were published within the period specified, and summaries of these reports will be found on other pages of THE WORLD ALMANAC. Since July 1, 1902, the Bureau of the Census has been engaged in securing and tabulating statistics relating to the secondary reports, several of which have been completed or are now approaching completion. By act of Congress the President was empowered to instruct the Census Office to compile the census of the Philippine Islands. In compliance with the President's order the tabulation was made and the reports were published in four volumes. An edition in Spanish was also issued. Numerous minor assignments of statistical work have been made to the Burean. It is likely, indeed, to become the main producer of, or clearing-house for, Federal statistics, as predicted during the discussion that preceded the establishment of the permanent office. Since the publication of the main reports of the Twelfth Census the Bureau has published the Abstract of the Twelfth Census, the Statistical Atlas of the United States, special reports on Employés and Wages, Occupations, Mines and Quarries, Street Railways, Benevolent Institutions, Electric Light and Power Stations, the Blind and the Deaf; Mortality, 1900 to 1904; Supplementary Analysis of the Twelfth Census; the Insane and Feeble-minded in Hospitals and Institutions; Paupers in Almshouses, and bulletins on Statistics of Cities and Valuation of Railway Operating Property. It has also taken the census of Manufactures of 1905, and has issued bulletins giving the results for the United States and for the States and Territories. During the year 1907 the Bureau will be occupied principally in completing the special reports relating to the following subjects: Manufacturers according to the Census of 1905; Wealth, Debt, and Taxation; Prisoners; Transportation by Water; Occupations of Women and Children; Children Born and Living; Marriage and Divorce; Religious Bodies; Express Companies; and the annual reports on Mortality and on Cotton Production and Consumption. The Director of the Census is appointed by the President of the United States, and receives a salary of $6,000. The present Directoris S. N. D. North, of Massachusetts. The office organization consists of chief clerk, William S. Rossiter; a disbursing and appointment clerk. Thomas S. Merrill; four chief statisticians: for population, William C. Hunt; for manufactures, William M. Steuart; for agriculture, Le Grand Powers, and for vital statistics, Cressy L. Wilbur; a geographer, Charles S. Sloane; and such administrative division chiefs as are required by the demands of the office. The entire number of employés in the Bureau on July 1, 1906, was 641. This number does not include special agents employed intermittently in the Southern States for the collection of cotton statistics, |