The following tables of the metric system of weights and measures have been simplified as much as possible for THE WORLD ALMANAC by omitting such denominations as are not in practical, everyday use in the countries where the system is used exclusively. TABLES OF THE SYSTEM. Length.-The denominations in practical use are millimetres (mm.), centimetres (cm.), metres (m.), and kilometres (km.). NOTE.-A decimetre is 10 cm. 10 mm. 1 cm. ; 100 cm. 1 m.; 1,000 m. 1 km. = Weight. The denominations in use are grams (g.), kilos* (kg.), and tons (metric tons). 1,000 g.1 kg.; 1,000 kg. 1 metric ton. Capacity. The denominations in use are cubic centimetres (c. c.) and litres (1.). 1,000 c. c.11. NOTE. -A hectolitre is 100 1. (seldom used). Relation of capacity and weight to length: A cubic decimetre is a litre, and a litre of water weighs a kilo. APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS. A metre is about a yard; a kilo is about 2 pounds; a litre is about a quart; a centimetre is about inch; a metric ton is about same as a ton; a kilometre is about 2 mile; a cubic centimetre is about a thimbleful; a nickel weighs about 5 grams. Minimum Weights of Produce. THE following are minimum weights of certain articles of produce according to the laws of the United States: SALT.-Weight per bushel as adopted by different States ranges from 50 to 80 pounds. Coarse salt in Pennsylvania is reckoned at 80 pounds, and in Illinois at 50 pounds per bushel. Fine salt in Pennsylvania is reckoned at 62 pounds, in Kentucky and Illinois at 55 pounds per bushel. Measures and Weights of Great Britain. THE measures of length and the weights are nearly, practically, the same as those in use in the United States. The English ton is 2,240 lbs, avoirdupois, the same as the long ton, or shipping ton of the United States. The English hundredweight is 112 lbs. avoirdupois, the same as the long hundredweight of the United States. The metre has been legalized at 39. 37079 inches, but the length of 39 370432 inches, as adopted by France, Germany, Belgium, and Russia, is frequently used. The Imperial gallon, the basis of the system of capacity, involves an error of about 1 part in 1,836: 10lbs of water = 277. 123 cubic inches. The English statute mile is 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet. MEASURES OF CAPACITY. A cubic foot of pure gold weighs 1,210 pounds; pure silver, 655 pounds; cast iron, 450 pounds; copper, 550 pounds; lead, 710 pounds; pure platinum, 1,220 pounds; tin, 456 pounds; aluminum, 163 pounds. Domestic Weights and Measures. Apothecaries' Weight: 20 grains: -1 scruple; 3 scruples=1 dram; 8 drams = 1 ounce; 12 ounces 1 pound. Avoirdupois Weight (short ton): 27 11-32 grains = 1 dram; 16 drams = 1 ounce; 16 ounces === 1 pound; 25 pounds = 1 quarter; 4 quarters 1 cwt. ; 20 cwt. = 1 ton. Avoirdupois Weight (long ton): 27 11-32 grains 1 dram; 16 drams-1 ounce; 16 ounces – 1 pound; 112 pounds 1 cwt.; 20 cwt. - 1 ton. Troy Weight: 24 grains = 1 pennyweight; 20 pennyweights-1 ounce; 12 ounces-1 pound. Circular Measure: 60 seconds 1 minute; 60 minutes = 1 degree; 30 degrees = 1 sign; 12 signs -1 circle or circumference. Cubic Measure: 1,728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot; 27 cubic feet 1 cubic yard. Dry Measure: 2 pints=1 quart; 8 quarts = 1 peck; 4 pecks 2 barrels 1 hogshead. 1 bushel. 1 gallon; 31% gallons 1 barrel; Long Measure: 12 inches1 foot; 3 feet 1 yard; 5% yards = 1 rod or pole; 40 rods 1 furlong; 8 furlongs 1 statute mile (1,760 yards or 5,280 feet); 3 miles = 1 league. Mariner's Measure: 6 feet 1 fathom; 1.0 fathoms 1 cable length; 7% cable lengths - 1 mile; 5,280 feet 1 statute mile; 6,085 feet = 1 nautical mile. Paper Measure: 24 sheets 1 quire; 20 quires 1 ream (480 sheets); 2 reams = 1 bundle; 5 bundles 1 bale. Square Measure: 144 square inches1 square foot; 9 square feet= 1 square yard; 304 square yards 1 square rod or perch; 40 square rods=1 rood; 4 roods=1 acre; 640 acres 1 square mile; 36 square miles (6 miles square) = 1 township. 1 minute; 60 minutes = 1 hour; 24 hours 1 day; 7 days=1 week; 365 days 1 year; 366 days 1 leap year. Time Measure: 60 seconds MEDICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS. R (Lat. Recipe), take; ãã, of each; b, pound; 3, ounce; 3, drachm; 9, scruple; m, minim, or drop; O oro, pint; f3, fluid ounce; f3, fluid drachm; as, 3 ss, half an ounce; 31, one ounce; iss, one ounce and a half; ij, two ounces; gr., grain; Q. S., as much as sufficient; Ft. Mist., let a mixture be made; Ft. Haust., let a draught be made; Ad., add to; Ad lib., at pleasure; Aq., water; M., mix; Mac., macerate; Pulv., powder; Pil., pill; Solv., dissolve; St., let it stand; Sum., to be taken; D., dose; Dil., dilute; Filt., filter: Lot., a wash; Garg., a gargle; Hor. Decub., at bed time; Inject., injection; Gtt., drops; ss, one-half; Ess., essence. 26,000,000 1,000,000 25,000,000 12,500,000 8,333,333 6,250,000 7,225,600 3,612,800 1,806, 400 903, 200 451,600 225,800 TEXAS LAND MEASURE. varas) 177.136 acres. = 4,428.4 acres. acres. (Also used in Mexico, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.) 1 league and 1 labor- 4,605.5 acres. varas) varas)= 1 section 950.44 Varas) square varas (square of 5,645.376 square varas (square of varas) = section 1-16 section 75.137 varas) == 4,840 square yards 2,214.2 To find the number of acres in any number of square varas, multiply the latter by 177 (or to be more exact, by 177%), and cut off six decimals. Knots and Miles. THE Statute Mile is 5,280 feet. The British Admiralty Knot or Nautical Mile is 6,080 feet. The Statute Knot is 6,082, 66 feet, and is generally considered the standard. The number of feet in a statute knot is arrived at thus: The circumference of the earth is divided into 360 degrees, each degree containing 60 knots or (360x60), 21,600 knots to the circumference. 21,600 divided into 131,385,456-the number of feet in the earth's circumference-gives 6,082.66 feet-the length of a standard mile. English Money: 4 farthings=1 penny (d); 12 pence- 1 shilling (s); 20 shillings-1 pound (£). 21 shillings one guinea; 5 shillings one crown. French Money: 10 centimes 1 decime; 10 decimes = 1 franc. German Money: 100 pfennig 1 mark. Russian Money: 100 copecks 1 ruble. Austro-Hungarian Money: 100 kreutzer 1 florin. For United States equivalents, see table of "Value of Foreign Coins in U. S. Money." * Under seal, 10 years. † If made in State; if outside, 2 years. § Unless a different rate is expressly stipulated. Under seal, 20 years. Store accounts; other accounts 3 years; accounts between merchants 5 years. tt New York has by a recent law legalized any rate of interest on call loans of $5,000 orupward, on collateral security. ‡‡ Becomes dormant, but may be revived. §§ Six years from last item. (a) Accounts between merchants 2 years. (b) In courts not of record 5 years. (c) Witnessed 20 years. (d) Twenty years in Courts of Record; in Justice s Court 10 years. (e) Negotiable notes 6 years, non-negotiable 7 years. (1) Ceases to be a lien after that period. () On foreign judgments 1 year. (i) Is a lien on real estate for only 10 years. (k) And indefinitely by having execution issue every 5 years. (1) Ten years foreign, 20 years domestic. (n) Not of record 6 years. (0) No limit. (p) Foreign. Domestic 6 years. Penalties for usury differ in the various States. Arizona, California, Colorado, Indian Territory, Maine, Massachusetts (except on loans of less than $1,000), Montana, Nevada, Rhode Island, Utah, and Wyoming have no provisions on the subject. Loss of principal and interest is the penalty in Arkansas and New York. Loss of interest in Alabama, Alaska, District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina (double amount if paid), North Dakota (double amount if paid), Oklahoma Territory, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, Washington (double amount if paid), Wisconsin, and Hawaii. Loss of excess of interest in Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, New Hampshire (three times), New Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, and West Virginia. Simple Interest Table. (Showingat Different Rates the Interest on $1 from 1 Month to 1 year, and on $100 from 1 Day to 1 Year.) Compound Enterest Table. COMPOUND INTEREST ON ONE DOLLAR FOR 100 YEARS. YEARS IN WHICH A GIVEN AMOUNT WILL DOUBLE AT SEVERAL RATES OF INTEREST. 13. 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7. CO 14.. 15. 7.54 6.92 7.38 7.85 8.31 8.77 9.23 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 9.15 9.69 10.23 10.77 9.81 10.38 10.96 11.54 20. 1 mouth. 2. 3.. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 5.38 5.92 6.46 7.00 5.77 6.35 6.92 7.50 7.69 8.46 9.23 10.00 10.77 11.54 12.31 13.03 13.85 14.62 15.38 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32,00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 30.00 33.00 36,00 39.00 42.00 45.00 48.00 51.00 54.00 57.00 60.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 52,00 56,00 60,00 64.00 68.00 72.00 76.00 80.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75,00 80,00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00 60.00 66.00 72.00 78.00 84.00 90.00 96.60 102.00 108. 00 114.00|120,00 70.00 77.00 84.00 91.00 98.00 105. 00 112. 00 119.00 126.00 133.00 140.00 80.00 88.00 96.00 104.00 112.00 120, 00 128. 00 136. 00 144.00 152, 00 160.00 90.00 99.00 108, 00 117.00 126. 00 135, 00 144, 00 153.00 162.00 171.00 180.00 100.00 110.00 120, 00 130, 00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 200.00 110.00 121. 00 132.00 143.00 154,00 165.00 176.00 187.00 198. 00 209.00 220.00 120.00 132.00 144, 00 156.00 168.00 180.00 192.00 204.00 216. 0028. 00 240.00 *Six working days in the week. |