Reciprocity Treaties and Agreements. THE following is a list of the reciprocity treaties between the United States and foreign countries since 1850. Prepared by the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor. Reciprocity treaties or agreements were also negotiated and signed under authority of section 4 of the act of 1897, with the following governments: United Kingdom, for Jamaica, Turks and Caicos Islands, Barbados, Bermuda, and British Guiana; Dominican Republic; Nicaragua; Ecuador; Argentina; France-but the United States Senate has not acted upon them. The treaty with Cuba, which went into operation December 27, 1903, gives a reduction of 20 per cent. duty on all dutiable articles from Cuba entering the United States, and a reduction ranging from 20 to 40 per cent, on articles from the United States entering Cuba. Arbitration Treaties. TREATIES of arbitration were negotiated in 1904 and 1905 by the President with Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Norway and Sweden, Switzerland, Portugal, and Mexico. They were in exactly the same language and provided that differences of a legal nature or relating to the interpretation of treaties which cannot be settled by diplomacy shall be referred to the permanent court of arbitration established at The Hague "provided, nevertheless, that they do not affect the vital interests, the independence or the honor of the two contracting states and do not concern the interests of third parties." The United States Senate ratified these treaties February 11, 1905, butnotwithstanding the remonstrance of the President-with an amendment requiring that each specific proposal to arbitrate shall be put in the form of a treaty to be referred to the Senate for approval. The President, holding that the amendment vitiated the force of the treaties, decided not to submit them to the countries with which the original conventions were signed. The Senate on January 28, 1905, ratified a treaty with Guatemala, San Salvador, Peru and Honduras providing for the submission to arbitration at the Permanent Court of the Hague of all claims for pecuniary loss or damage which may be presented by their respective citizens and which cannot be amicably adjusted through diplomatic channels, and when said claims are of sufficient importance to warrant the expenses of arbitration," the treaty to remain in force five years from the date of its ratification by the last signatory government (the United States). The President proclaimed the treaty March 24, 1905. The Monroe Doctrine. THE Monroe doctrine'' was enunciated in the following words in President Monroe's message to Congress December 2, 1823: In the discussions to which this interest has given rise, and in the arrangements by which they may terminate, the occasion has been deemed proper for asserting, as a principle in which rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them or controlling in any other manner their destiny by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. Secretary of State Olney in his despatch of July 20, 1895, on the Venezuelan Boundary Dispute, said: "It (the Monroe doctrine) does not establish any general protectorate by the United States over other American States. It does not relieve any American State from its obligations as fixed by international law, nor prevent any European power directly interested from enforcing such obligations or from inflicting merited punishment for the breach of them. President Roosevelt in a speech in 1902 upon the results of the Spanish-American war, said: The Monroe doctrine is simply a statement of our very firm belief that the nations now existing on this continent must be left to work out their own destinies among themselves, and that this continent is no longer to be regarded as the colonizing ground of any European power. The one power on the continent that can make the power effective is, of course, ourselves; for in the world as it is, a nation which advances a given doctrine, likely to interfere in any way with other nations, must póssess the power to back it up, if it wishes the doctrine to be respected.' Naturalization Laws of the United States. THE Conditions under and the manner in which an alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States are prescribed by Sections 2, 165-74 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, as amended by Chapter 3591 of the Acts of the First Session of the 59th Congress. DECLARATION OF INTENTIONS. The alien must declare upon oath before a circuit or district court of the United States or a district or supreme court of the Territories, or a court of record of any of the States having common law jurisdiction and a seal and clerk, of which he is a resident, two years at least prior to his admission, that it is, bona fide, his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince or State, and particularly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen or subject. PETITION ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION. At the time of his application for admission, which must be not less than two years nor more than seven years after such declaration of intention, he shall make and file a petition in writing, signed by himself (and duly verified by the affidavits of two credible witnesses who are citizens of the United States, and who shall state that they have personally known him to be a resident of the United States at east ive years continuously, and of the State or district at least one year previously), in one of the courts bove specified, that it is his intention to become a citizen and reside permanently in the United States, that he is not a disbeliever in organized government or a believer in poligamy, and that he absolutely and forever renounces all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign country of which he may at the time of filing his petition be a citizen or subject. CONDITIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP. He shall, before his final admission to citizenship, declare on oath in open court that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces all foreign allegiance. If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court that immediately preceding the date of his application he has resided continuously within the United States five years at least, and within the State or Territory where such court is held one year at least, and that during that time he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same, he may be admitted to citizenship. If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order of nobility he must make an express renunciation of the same. No person who believes in or is affiliated with any organization teaching opposition to organized government or who advocates or teaches the duty of unlawfully assaulting or killing any officer of any organized government because of his official character, shall be naturalized. No alien shall be naturalized who cannot speak the English language. An alien soldier of the United States Army of good character may be admitted to citizenship on one year's previous residence. MINORS. Any alien under the age of twenty-one years who has resided in the United States three years next preceding his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside therein to the time he may make application to be admitted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he has resided five years within the United States, including the three years of his minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the court that for two years next preceding it has been his bona fide intention to become a citizen. CHILDREN OF NATURALIZED CITIZENS. The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof. CITIZENS' CHILDREN WHO ARE BORN ABROAD. The children of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United States are, though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, considered as citizens thereof. CHINESE The naturalization of Chinamen is expressly prohibited by Section 14, Chapter 126, Laws of 1882. PROTECTION ABROAD TO NATURALIZED CITIZENS. Section 2,000 of the Revised Statutes of the United States declares that "all naturalized citizens of the United States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall receive from this Government the same protection of persons and property which is accorded to native-born citizens. THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE. The right to vote comes from the State, and is a State gift. Naturalization is a Federal right and is a gift of the Union, not of any one State. In nearly one-half of the Union aliens (who have declared intentions) vote and have the right to vote equally with naturalized or nativeborn citizens. In the other half only actual citizens may vote. (See Table of Qualifications for Voting in each State, on another page.) The Federal naturalization laws apply to the whole Union alike, and provide that no alien may be naturalized until after five years' residence. Even after five years' residence and due naturalization he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege upon him, and he may vote in several States six months after landing, if he has declared his intention, under United States law, to become a citizen. INHABITANTS OF THE NEW INSULAR POSSESSIONS. The inhabitants of Hawaii were declared to be citizens of the United States under the act of 1900 creating Hawaii a Territory. Under the United States Supreme Court decision in the insular cases, in May, 1901, the inhabitants of the Philippines and Porto Rico are entitled to full protection under the Constitution, but not to the privileges of United States citizenship until Congress so decrees, by admitting the countries as States or organizing them as Territories. Qualifications for Voting in Each State of the Union. (Communicated to THE WORLD ALMANAC and corrected to date by the Attorneys-General of the respective States.) IN all the States except Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming the right to vote at general elections is restricted to males of 21 years of age and upward. (See also "New York," next page.) Women are entitled to vote at school elections in several States. They are entitled by law to full suffrage in the States of Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. (See article entitled "Woman Suffrage.") PREVIOUS RESIDENCE REQUIRED.( Persons Excluded from Suffrage. STATES. Requirements as to Citizenship. In In In Pre- Alabama. Citizen of United States or alien 2 yrs.. 1 yr... 3 mo.. 3 mo... Convicted of treason or other who has declared intention(j) felonies, idiots, or insane. ArizonaT* Citizen of U. S. by nativity or 1 yr... 30 dys ....... 30 dys Idiot, insane, felon. naturalization (a) (b). Arkansas* Citizen of United States or alien 1 yr... 6 mo.. 30 dys 30 dys Idiots, insane, convicted of fel who has declared intention. ony, failure to pay poll-tax, U. S. soldiers, or mariners. 30 dys Chinese, idiots, insane, embezzlers of public moneys, convicted of infamous crime. † 10 dys While confined in public prison, under guardianship, non compos mentis, insane. Convicted of heinous crime, unless pardoned. 30 dys Insane, paupers or persons convicted of felony unpardoned. Idiots, duellists, convicted of felony or any infamous crime. Convicted of felony, bribery, or larceny, unless pardoned, idiots, and insane. Idiots, insane, convicted of felony, bigamists, polygamists, under guardianship. Illinois... Citizen of the United States (b). 1 yr... 90dys 30 dys 30 dys Convicted of felony or bribery Kansas * in elections, unless restored to citizenship (h). 60dys 30 dys United States soldiers, sailors, and marines, and persons convicted of infamous crime (l). Idiots, insane, convicted of infamous crime,U.S.soldiers (h). Convicted of treason or felony, insane, underguardianship(d). Convicted of treason, felony, or bribery in an election, idiots, and insane (h) (m). Citizen of United States or alien 6 mo.. 30dys 30dys 10 dys who has declared intention (b) Kent'ky*. Citizen of the United States (b) 1 yr... 6 mo.. 60dys 60 dys 2 yrs.. 1 yr... assessed in 6 mo.. Idiots, insane, felons, under indictment, inmates of prison or charitable institution except soldiers' home. Those able to read and write, or who own $300 worth of property their name, or whose father or grandfather was entitled to vote on Jan. 1 1867. ..... Maine* Citizen of the United States..... 3 mo.. 3 mo.. 3 mo.. 3 mo.. Michigan Citizen of the United States or 6 mo.. 20 dys 20dys 20 dys Paupers and Indians not taxed, Indians with tribal relations, Minn. *..... Citizen of United States who 6 mo.. 30 dys 30 dys 30 dys Convicted of treason or felony, Miss. has been such for 3 months preceding election (b). unpardoned, under guardianship, insane, Indians lacking customs of civilization. Citizen of the United States 2 yrs.. 1 yr... 1 yr... 1yr (c) Insane, idiots, Indians not taxwho can read or understand Constitution. ed, felons, persons who have not paid taxes, bigamists. Missouri*.. Citizen of United States or alien 1 yr... 60dys 60dys 20 dys Persons in poorhouses or asy who has declared intention not less than 1 year or more Montana*. Citizen of the United States (b) 1 yr... 30dys 30dys 30 dys Nebraska Citizen of United States or alien 6 mo. 40 dys 30 dys 10 dys who has declared intention 30 days before election (b). lums at public expense, those Felons not pardoned, idiots, * Australian Ballot law or a modification of it in force. Or a person unable to read the Constitution in English and to write his name. (a) Or citizens of Mexico who desire to become citizens under treaties of 1848 and 1854. (b) Women can vote in school elections. (c) Clergymen are qualified after six months' residence in precinct. (d) Also public embezzlers, persons guilty of bribery, or dishonorably discharged soldiers from U. S. service, unless reinstated. (g) Also soldiers, sailors, and marines in U.S. service. (h) No soldier, seaman, or marine deemed a resident because stationed in the State. (i) The Australian system sometimes. prevails in municipal primaries in Georgia, but same is made applicable by rule of party ordering primary and not by the law. (j) Poll-taxes must be paid to date, by Feb. 1, preceding election. (k) Also soldiers (except those living in soldiers' homes), sailors and marines in U. S. Service. (1) During term fixed by court. (m) Persons who have not, at least 60 days before election at which they offer to vote, paid taxes due by them for year nrevious. STATES. QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING-Continued. Requirements as to Citizenship. In In In In Pre- Persons Excluded from Suffrage. State. County. Town. cinct. Nevada * Citizen of the United States..... 6 mo. 30 dys 30 dys 30 N.Hamp. Citizen of the United States (a) 6 mo. 6 mo... 6 mo.. 6 dys Idiots, insane, unpardoned convicts, Indians, Chinese. mo.. Paupers (h). Idiots, paupers, insane, convicted of crime, unless pardoned or restored by law (j). N. M. Ter. Citizen of the United States...... 6 mo.. 3 mo.. 30 dys 30 dys Convicted of felony, unless N. York.. Citizen who shall have been a lyr(k) 4 mo.. (1) citizen for ninety days prior to election. (1) Woman otherwise qualified but for sex may vote at village elections or town meetings to raise money by tax or assessment if she owns property in village or town. Elector of town not entitled to vote on proposition for raising of money or incurring town liability unless he or his wife own property in town assessed on last assessment roll. N. Car...... Citizen of the United States... 2 yrs.. 6 mo..) 4 mo.. pardoned, U. S. soldier, sailor, or camp follower, Indians. Offenders against elective franchise rights, guilty of bribery, betting on elections, and persons convicted of bribery or infamous crime and not restored to citizenship by the Executive. Convicts in House of Refuge or Reformatory not disqualified. Convicted of felony or infamous crime, idiots, lunatics. Under guardianship, persons non compos mentis, or convicted of felony and treason, unless restored to civil rights. Citizen of the United States (a) 1 yr... 30dys 20dys 20 dys Idiots, insane, and felons, per Citizen of United States (a) t.... 6 mo.. 60dys 60dys 30 dys sons in U.S. military and naval service on duty in Ohio. Felons, idiots, insane. Idiots, insane, convicted of felony, Chinese. 2 mo. Convicted of perjury and fraud as election officers, or bribery of voters. S. Car... Citizen of the United States (e) 2yr(c) 1 yr... 4 mo.. 4 mo.. Paupers, lunatics (g). Felons, bribery unless pardoned, insane, paupers. Under guardianship, insane, convicted of treason or felony, unless pardoned, U.S. soldiers, seamen, and marines. Convicted of bribery or other infamous offence. Idiots, lunatics, paupers, felons unless pardoned or restored, U. S. soldiers, marines, and seamen (m). 60 dys Idiots, insane, convicted of treason or crime against elective franchise,unless pardoned (j). Vermont Citizen of the United States...... 1 yr... 3 mo.. 3 mo.. 3 mo. Those who have not obtained Virginia". See note at foot of page.... * 2 yrs.. 1 yr... 1 yr... 30 dys West Va. Citizen of the State............... 1 yr... 60 dys 6 mo.. Wis. Wyom.*. the approbation of the local board of civil authority. Idiots, lunatics, paupers (f) (5). Idiots, lunatics, convicted of infamous crimes, Indians not taxed. (d) Paupers, idiots, lunatics, convicted of treason, felony, or bribery at elections. convicted of crime or treason, betting on elections. Citizen of United States or alien 1 yr... 10 dys 10dys 10 dys Under guardianship, insane, Australian Ballot law or a modification of it in force. Indian must have severed tribal relations. One year's residence in the United States prior to election required. (a) Women can vote in school elections. (c) Ministers in charge of an organized church and teachers of public schools are entitled to vote after six months' residence in the State. (d) Actual residence in the precinct or district required. (e) Who has paid six months before election any poll-tax then due, and can read and write any section of the State Constitution, or can show that he owns and has paid all taxes due the previous year on property in the State assessed at $300 or more. (f) Or convicted of bribery, embezzlement of public funds, treason, forgery, perjury, felony, and petty larceny, duellists and abettors, unless pardoned by Legislature. (g) Or persons non compos mentis, sentence to State Prison for one year or more takes away right. to vote until restored by General Assembly, under guardianship. (h) Also persons excused from paying taxes at their own request, and those unable to read the State Constitution in English, or write. (j) No soldier, seaman, or marine deemed a resident because stationed in the State. (k) Inhabitance not residence. (1) Thirty days in election district. (m) And any person subject to poll- tax who failed to pay same prior to Feb. 1 of year in which he offers to vote. (n) Must be resident of County to vote for County officers. In Virginia. Voting qualifications. All persons who six months before the election have paid their State poll-taxes for the three preceding years. Also any person who served in time of war in the army or navy of the United States, of the Confederate States, or of any State of the United States or of the Confederate States. Residents of the District of Columbia never had the right to vote therein for national officers, or on other matters of national concern, after the territory embraced in it was ceded to the United States and became the seat of the general government. Requirements Regarding Registration of Voters. (Continuation of "Qualifications for Voting," on preceding pages.) THE registration of voters is required in the States of Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Maine Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi (four months before election), Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico, In Pennsylvania voters are registered by the assessors. If any voter is missed by assessors and not registered he can swear in his vote. In Ohio it is required annually in cities of over 14,000 population; in other cities in presidential years. In Illinois registration of voters is required by law, and in Cook County, where Chicago is located, persons not registered are not entitled to vote; but outside of Cook County generally they can vote if not registered by swearing in their votes, and producing one witness, a householder and registered voter of the voting district, as to their qualifications as electors severally. In Iowa in cities having 3, 500 inhabitants. In Nebraska in cities of over 7,000 inhabitants. In Kentucky in all incorporated towns and cities, in Kansas in cities of the first and second class, in North Dakota in cities and villages of 800 inhabitants and over, in Ohio in cities of the first and second class. In Missouri it is required in cities of 25.000 inhabitants and over. In Oklahoma it is required in all cities having a population in excess of 2,500. In Rhode Island non-taxpayers are required to register yearly before June 30. In South Dakota registration is required prior to general biennial elections. The registration of voters is not required in Arkansas, Indiana, New Hampshire or Texas. Woman Suffrage. IN the United States women possess suffrage upon equal terms with men at all elections in four States: In Wyoming, established in 1869; in Colorado, 1893; in Utah, in 1896, and in Idaho, in 1896. In 1905, the Kansas and Montana Legislatures, and in 1906 the Rhode Island Legislature rejected bills giving women full suffrage. In June, 1906, Oregon refused to adopt a woman suffrage amendment to its constitution by a vote of 47, 075 to 36,902. < In Kansas women possess school suffrage, established in 1861, and municipal suffrage, established in 1887. In eighteen additional States women possess school suffrage: In Michigan and Minnesota, established in 1875; in New Hampshire and Oregon in 1878; in Massachusetts in 1879; in New York and Vermont in 1880; in Nebraska in 1883; in Wisconsin in 1900; in Washington in 1886; in Arizona, Montana, New Jersey. North Dakota, and South Dakota in 1887; in Illinois in 1891; in Connecticut in 1893; in Ohio in 1894. Two States permit women to vote upon the issuance of municipal bonds: Montana, established in 1887; Iowa, in 1894. Louisiana gave all women taxpayers the suffrage upon all questions submitted to the taxpayers in 1898. In 1901 the New York Legislature passed a law providing that a woman who possesses the qualifications to vote for village or for town officers, except the qualification of sex, who is the owner of property in the village assessed upon the last preceding assessment roll thereof, is entitled to vote upon a proposition to raise money by tax or assessment. In Great Britain women can vote for all officers except members of Parliament. In Australia and New Zealand women have full suffrage; also in the Isle of Man. In Cape Colony, in Canada, and in parts of India women vote on various terms for municipal or school officers. The National American Woman's Suffrage Association-Rev. Anna H. Shaw, 7443 Devon St., Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa., President; Vice-President-at-Large, Mrs. Florence Kelley, New York City; Corresponding Secretary, Kate M. Gordon, New Orleans, La.; Recording Secretary, Alice Stone Blackwell, Boston, Mass.; Treasurer, Harriet Taylor Upton, Warren, O.; Laura Clay, Lexington, Ky., and Dr. Annice Jeffreys Myers, Portland, Ore., Auditors. National Headquarters, Warren, O. The New York State Association Opposed to the Extension of the Suffrage to Women has its Central Committee in New York City. Its officers are as follows: Mrs. Lyman Abbott, President; Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge, First Vice-President; Mrs. Elihu Root, Mrs. Richard Watson Gilder, Mrs. William Putnam, Mrs. Philip S. Van Patten, Mrs. William J. Wallace, and Mrs. William P. Northrup, Vice-Presidents; Mrs. George Waddington, Treasurer; Mrs. George Phillips, Secretary, 377 West End Avenue, New York. There are also organizations in Massachusetts, Illinois, Oregon, Iowa, and Washington. These are founded with the object of testifying to legislative committees and through the medium of the public press that the opposition to woman suffrage is based upon what is claimed to be the intelligent conviction of the majority of representative women in all lines of social, industrial, and domestic progress. National Republican League of the United States. THE National Republican League of the United States was organized in Chickering Hall, New York City, December 15-17, 1887, by delegates from about 350 Republican clubs of the United States, assembled in national convention, pursuant to a call issued by the Republican Club of New York City. It is composed of the Republican clubs of the United States, organized by States and united in a national organization. Its purpose is "Organization and Education." It aims to enlist recruits for the Republican party, particularly the younger men and the first voters." National_conventions have since been held at Baltimore, 1889; Nashville, 1890; Cincinnati, 1891; Buffalo, 1892; Louisville, 1893; Denver, 1894; Cleveland, 1895; Milwaukee, 1896; Detroit, 1897; Omaha, 198 (biennial sessions afterward); St. Paul, 1900: Chicago, 1902; Indianapolis, 1904: Philadelphia, 1906. Officers-President, Gen. E. A. McAlpin, New York City; Secretary, Chauncey Dewey, 503 Chamber of Commerce Building, Chicago, Ill. |