Chapter V. Fundamental Propositions respecting Capital.

1. Industry is limited by Capital................

2.

-

but does not always come up to that limit...

3. Increase of capital gives increased employment to labor, with-

out assignable bounds....

PAGE

62

64

65

4. Capital is the result of saving.

68

5. All capital is consumed............

70

6. Capital is kept up, not by preservation, but by perpetual repro-

duction

....

73

7. Why countries recover rapidly from a state of devastation....74

8. Effects of defraying government expenditure by loans....

9. Demand for commodities is not demand for labor....

10. Fallacy respecting Taxation.....

75

78

88

Chapter VI. On Circulating and Fixed Capital.

1. Fixed and Circulating Capital, what....

2. Increase of fixed capital, when at the expense of circulating,

might be detrimental to the laborers..

Chapter VII. On what depends the degree of Productiveness

of Productive Agents.

1. Land, labor, and capital, are of different productiveness at
different times and places.....

3.

2. Causes of superior productiveness. Natural advantages.

greater energy of labor....

superiority of intelligence and trustworthiness in the com-

munity generally...

Chapter VIII. Of Co-operation, or the Combination of Labor.

1. Combination of Labor a principal cause of superior produc-

tiveness

.....

2. Effects of separation of employments analyzed.

3. Combination of labor between town and country.

4. The higher degrees of the division of labor..

5. Analysis of its advantages.....

6. Limitations of the division of labor...

....

Chapter IX. Of Production on a Large, and Production on a

Small Scale.

1. Advantages of the large system of production in manu-

factures

....

113

115

118

120

121

128

129

2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle... 134

3. Conditions necessary for the large system of production.... 139

4. Large and small farming compared.....

Chapter X. Of the Law of the Increase of Latsi.

1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of

three elements, Labor, Capital, and Land....

142

152

2. The Law of Population..........

3. By what checks the increase of population is practically

Chapter XI. Of the Law of the Increase of Capital.

PAGE

153

... 155

1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent.......... 159

2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of

accumulation

161

3. Examples of deficiency in the strength of this desire.................... 163

4. Exemplification of its excess..

170

Chapter XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Production from

Land.

1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the

real limits to production...

2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing

return in proportion to the increased application of labor

and capital ...

173

173

3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the

progress of improvements in production.....

177

Chapter XIII. Consequence of the foregoing Laws.

1. Remedies when the limit to production is the weakness of

the principle of accumulation....

186

3.

4.

187

190

194

2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of
inequality of property.....

nor superseded by free trade in food..
nor in general by emigration..

Chapter I. Of Property.

BOOK II

DISTRIBUTION

1. Introductory remarks....

2. Statement of the question....

3. Examination of Communism....

4. Examination of St. Simonism and Fourierism..

Chapter II. The same subject continued.

1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by

the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance.

Question of inheritance examined.........

215

4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how?..

221

5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of property

in movables ......

224

6. — only valid on certain conditions, which are not always real-

ized. The limitations considered...

226

7. Rights of property in abuses....

230

Chapter III. Of the Classes among whom the Produce is dis-

tributed.

1. The produce sometimes shared among three classes...

2. The produce sometimes belongs undividedly to one.

3. The produce sometimes divided between two.............

Chapter IV. Of Competition and Custom.

1. Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the

produce ..

PAGE

231

232

233

235

2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land.

3. Influence of custom on prices.....

... 236

239

Chapter V. Of Slavery.

1. Slavery considered in relation to the slaves.....

241

2. Slavery in relation to production.....

242

3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the

slave-owners

245

Chapter VI. Of Peasant Proprietors.

1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respect-

ing peasant properties......

246

-

2. Evidence respecting peasant properties in Switzerland.

3. in Norway..

248

253

4. Their effect on population.......

5. Their effect on the subdivision of land..

Chapter VIII. Of Metayers.

1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties.....

2. Its advantages and inconveniences....

3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries.

4. Is its abolition desirable?..

Chapter IX. Of Cottiers.

1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure....

272

275

276

3. which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or restraint

on population.....

310

4. Ryot tenancy of India..

312

2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is nomi-
nal rents.....

Chapter X. Means of abolishing Cottier Tenancy.

I. Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors.... 315

2. Present state of this question....

Chapter XI. Of Wages.

1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labor-in other

words, on population and capital..........

2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages....

3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply re-

straints on population....

PAGE

328

329✓

334

338

6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a labor-
ing class.

Chapter XII.

Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages.

1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with a guarantee of

employment

345

2.- would require as a condition, legal measures for repression

of population......

347

3. Allowances in aid of wages..

351

4. The Allotment System....

353

Chapter XIII. The Remedies for Low Wages further con-

sidered.

1. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of popu-

lation

357

2. Grounds for expecting improvement.

360

3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the laboring people:

by education.....

364

4. — and by large measures of immediate relief, through foreign

and home colonization...

366

Chapter XIV. Of the Differences of Wages in different Employ-

ments.

1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of at-

tractiveness in different employments....

369

2. Differences arising from natural monopolies.

3. Effect on wages of a class of subsidized competitors.

374

......

378

.....

4. — of the competition of persons with independent means of

support

381

5. Wages of women, why lower than those of men.

384

6. Differences of wages arising from restrictive laws, and from

1. Profits resolvable into three parts; interest, insurance, and

wages of superintendence.....

388

2. The minimum of profits; and the variations to which it is

liable ......

390

3. Differences of profits arising from the nature of the particu-

lar employment....

392

4. General tendency of profits to an equality..

394

PAGE

5. Profits do not depend on prices, nor on purchase and sale.... 399

6. The advances of the capitalist consist ultimately in wages of

labor

7. The rate of profit depends on the Cost of Labor..

Chapter XVI. Of Rent.

401

402

1. Rent the effect of a natural monopoly.......

405

2. No land can pay rent except land of such quality or situation,

as exists in less quantity than the demand......

405

3. The rent of land consists of the excess of its return above

the return to the worst land in cultivation..............

408

or to the capital employed in the least advantageous cir-

cumstances

409

5. Is payment for capital sunk in the soil, rent, or profit?...... 412

6. Rent does not enter into the cost of production of agricul-

tural produce

2. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price.... 420

3. What is meant by general purchasing power....

421

4. Value a relative term. A general rise or fall of Values a con-

tradiction ...

.....

423

....

5. The laws of Value, how modified in their application to retail

transactions

424

Chapter II. Of Demand and Supply, in their relation to Value.

I. Two conditions of Value: Utility, and Difficulty of Attain-

ment

426

2. Three kinds of Difficulty of Attainment..

428

3. Commodities which are absolutely limited in quantity....

4. Law of their value, the Equation of Demand and Supply..

5. Miscellaneous cases falling under this law......

Chapter III. Of Cost of Production, in its relation to Value.

1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite multiplica-

tion without increase of cost. Law of their Value, Cost

of Production......

operating through potential, but not actual, alterations of

supply ....

436

Chapter IV. Ultimate Analysis of Cost of Production.

1. Principal element in Cost of Production-Quantity of Labor. 440

2. Wages not an element in Cost of Production......

442

3.

except in so far as they vary from employment to em-

ployment

443