Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy, Том 1C.C. Little & J. Brown, 1848 |
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Сторінка 8
... given in exchange . Things for which nothing could be obtained in exchange , however useful or necessary they may be , are not wealth , in the sense in which the term is used in Political Economy . Air , for example , though the most ...
... given in exchange . Things for which nothing could be obtained in exchange , however useful or necessary they may be , are not wealth , in the sense in which the term is used in Political Economy . Air , for example , though the most ...
Сторінка 16
... given by patience and manual dexterity , without any considerable knowledge of the properties of objects ; such as some of the cotton fabrics of India . These artificers are fed by the surplus food which has been taken by the government ...
... given by patience and manual dexterity , without any considerable knowledge of the properties of objects ; such as some of the cotton fabrics of India . These artificers are fed by the surplus food which has been taken by the government ...
Сторінка 17
... given to them rent free to cultivate , or by fees paid to them in kind from such share of the crop as is left to the villagers by the government . This state of society , however , is not destitute of a mercantile class , composed of ...
... given to them rent free to cultivate , or by fees paid to them in kind from such share of the crop as is left to the villagers by the government . This state of society , however , is not destitute of a mercantile class , composed of ...
Сторінка 27
... given society , depends on the statutes or usages therein prevalent . But though govern- ments or nations can in some measure determine what in- stitutions shall be established , they cannot arbitrarily deter- mine how those ...
... given society , depends on the statutes or usages therein prevalent . But though govern- ments or nations can in some measure determine what in- stitutions shall be established , they cannot arbitrarily deter- mine how those ...
Сторінка 32
... do no more . But this is enough to have given him all the command which mankind have acquired over natural forces immeasurably more powerful than themselves ; a command which , great as it is already , is without 32 BOOK I. CHAPTER I. $ 2 .
... do no more . But this is enough to have given him all the command which mankind have acquired over natural forces immeasurably more powerful than themselves ; a command which , great as it is already , is without 32 BOOK I. CHAPTER I. $ 2 .
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Загальні терміни та фрази
accumulation Adam Smith advantage agricultural amount applied ascendant community capital capitalist causes circulating capital competition condition considerable consumed consumption coöperation corn cultivation dealers demand division of labor duction effect employment England equivalent exertion exist expense farmer farms flax France funds greater human hundred quarters improvement income increase individual industry instruments kind labor employed laboring classes land landlord laws less limited machinery maintain mankind manufacture manure materials means ment metayer modes nations natural agents necessary objects obtained occupation operations paid peasant persons plough political economy population portion possession practical principle productive consumers productive laborers productive power profit proportion proprietors purpose quantity remuneration render rent rich saving serfs slavery slaves society soil subsistence sufficient supply suppose surplus taxes things thousand pounds tion tivation unless unproductive vidual wants waste land wealth whole workmen
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Сторінка 240 - The distribution of wealth, therefore, depends on the laws and customs of society. The rules by which it is determined, are what the opinions and feelings of the ruling portion of the community make them, and are very different in different ages and countries ; and might be still more different, if mankind so chose.
Сторінка 514 - Happily there is nothing in the laws of Value which remains for the present or any future writer to clear up ; the theory of the subject is complete.
Сторінка 240 - It is not so with the Distribution of Wealth. That is a matter of human institution solely. The things once there, mankind, individually or collectively, can do with them as they like.
Сторінка 284 - This is partly intelligible, if we consider that only through the principle of competition has political economy any pretension to the character of a science. So far as rents, profits, wages, prices, are determined by competition, laws may be assigned for them.
Сторінка 454 - When the object is to raise the permanent condition of a, people, small means do not merely produce small effects, they produce no effect at all.
Сторінка 146 - One man draws out the wire, another straights it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head ; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations ; to put it on is a peculiar business, to whiten the pins is another ; it is even a trade by itself to put them into the paper; and the important business of making a pin is in this manner divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands,...
Сторінка 150 - Secondly, the advantage which is gained by saving the time commonly lost in passing from one sort of work to another, is much greater than we should at first view be apt to imagine it. It is impossible to pass very quickly from one kind of work to another, that is carried on in a different place, and with quite different tools.
Сторінка 61 - I shall therefore, in this treatise, when speaking of wealth, understand by it only what is called material wealth, and by productive labor only those kinds of exertion which produce utilities embodied in material objects.
Сторінка 465 - So complete, indeed, has hitherto been the separation, so strongly marked the line of demarcation, between the different grades of labourers, as to be almost equivalent to an hereditary distinction of caste ; each employment being chiefly recruited from the children of those already employed in it, or in employments of the same rank with it in social estimation, or from the children of persons who, if originally of a lower rank, have succeeded in raising themselves by their exertions.
Сторінка 403 - With these limitations of the terms, wages not only depend upon the relative amount of capital and population, but cannot, under the rule of competition, be affected by anything else. Wages (meaning, of course, the general rate) cannot rise, but by an increase of the aggregate funds employed in hiring labourers, or a diminution in the number of the competitors for hire; nor fall, except either by a diminution of the funds devoted to paying labour, or by an increase in the number of labourers to be...