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CHAPTER VII.
On what depends the Degree of Produc- tiveness of Productive Agents.
§ 1. Land, labor, and capital, are of different productiveness at differ-
ent times and places .
2. Causes of superior productiveness. Natural advantages
120
121
-
greater energy of labor
superiority of intelligence and trustworthiness in the commu-
nity generally
superior security
CHAPTER VIII. Of Coöperation, or the Combination of
Labor.
§ 1. Combination of Labor a principal cause of superior productiveness 139
2. Effects of separation of employments analyzed
3. Combination of labor between town and country
4. The higher degrees of the division of labor
5. Analysis of its advantages
CHAPTER IX. Of Production on a Large, and Produc-
§ 1. Advantages of the large system of production in manufactures
2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle
3. Conditions necessary for the large system of production
4. Large and small farming compared
CHAPTER X. Of the Law of the Increase of Labor.
§ 1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of three
elements, Labor, Capital and Land
3. By what checks the increase of population is practically limited . 191
CHAPTER XI. Of the Law of the Increase of Capital.
§ 1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent
2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of ac-
cumulation
CHAPTER XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Production from Land.
§ 1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the real
limits to production
2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing return
in proportion to the increased application of labor and capital
3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the pro-
gress of improvements in production
CHAPTER XIII. Consequences of the foregoing Laws.
§ 1. Remedies, when the limit to production is the weakness of the
principle of accumulation
213
214
219
228
2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of ine-
quality of property
229
5. The institution of property requires, not subversion, but improve-
.ment.
CHAPTER II. The same subject continued.
§ 1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by con-
tract.
241
243
246
253
255
257
the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance. Ques-
tion of inheritance examined
5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of property in
movables
6.
271
273
279
only valid on certain conditions, which are not always realized. The limitations considered
7. Rights of property in abuses
CHAPTER III. Of the Classes among whom the Produce
sometimes belongs undividedly to one
sometimes divided between two
CHAPTER IV. Of Competition and Custom.
Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the produce 286
2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land 3. Influence of custom on prices
3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the slave
owners
CHAPTER VI. Of Peasant Proprietors.
1. Difference between English and continental opinions respecting
peasant properties
CHAPTER VII. Continuation of the same subject.
§ 1. Influence o. peasant properties in stimulating industry
§ 1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure
2. In an over-peopled country its necessary consequence is nominal
371
3.
which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or restraint on
population.
378
§ 1. Mode of disposing of a cottier population, the vital question for
Ireland
385
2. To convert them into hired laborers not desirable nor practicable 387
3. Limitation of rent, by law or custom, indispensable
4. Fixity of tenure considered
5. Tenant right
391
393
395
396
401
8. Probable consequences of the measures recommended
403
6. Location of peasant proprietors on the waste lands
7. Resources supplementary to the waste lands
CHAPTER XI. Of Wages.
§ 1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labor—in other words,
on population and capital.
2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages
3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply strong re-
straints on population
4. which are in some cases legal
421
6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a laboring
CHAPTER XII. Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages.
§1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with guarantee of em-
would require as a condition, legal measures for repression of
432
§ 1. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of Population 445
2. Grounds for expecting improvement
3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the laboring people; by
education
4.
449
454
456
and by large measures of immediate relief, through foreign and home colonization
CHAPTER XIV. Of the Differences of Wages in differ-
ent Employments.
§ 1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of attractive-
ness in different employments
of the competition of persons with independent means of support 474
5. Wages of women, why lower than those of men
6. Differences of wages arising from restrictive laws, and from com- binations
CHAPTER XV. Of Profits.
§ 1. Profits resolvable into three parts; interest, insurance and wages
of superintendence
483
2. The minimum of profits; and the variations to which it is liable. 486
3. Differences of profits arising from the nature of the particular.
employment
488
4. General tendency of profits to an equality
491
5. The advances of the capitalist consist ultimately in wages of