180. Zwinglius, a Swiss Reformer a little earlier than Calvin.

183. sanhedrim, Parliament.

185. Corah. See Numbers xvi.

187. ephod, priestly garment.

189. class, a term in the Presbyterian system of church government.

190. Fox, Reynard, the Arian.

205. a puddle and a wall, the Lake of Geneva and the Alps.

273. 211. See Absalom and Achitophel, p. 270, 1. 143.

228. teemless, unproductive.

232. Colchos, the home of the sorceress Medea. 234. common-weal, republic.

236. Adam was supposed to have given the beasts their names in the Garden of Eden.

This ode was written for a London musical society, which held an annual festival on Nov. 22, the day of St. Cecilia, reputed the inventor of the organ and the patron saint of music.

1. for Persia won, for the winning of Persia. 2. By Philip's warlike son, Alexander, son of Philip of Macedon, and the conqueror of Persia.

9. Thais, a famous Athenian courtesan who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and, according to the tradition which Dryden makes use of in this poem, induced him to fire the palace of Persepolis. 17. Timotheus, Alexander's favorite musician. 22. from, with.

275. 64. Darius, the Persian king whom Alexander had conquered.

83. Lydian, soft, sensuous.

113-4. rear- hair. Correctly rimed according to the pronunciation of the time.

276. 139. vocal frame, organ.

147. The tradition was that Cecilia, owing to her virtue and piety, was visited by an angel,

ESSAY OF DRAMATIC POESY

a. 1. that memorable day, June 3, 1665.
b. 1. conduct, leadership.

2. his royal highness, the Duke of York, afterwards James II.

16. Eugenius, Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, who later became Earl of Dorset. Crites, Sir Robert Howard, Dryden's brother-in-law. Lisideius, Sir Charles Sedley. Neander, Dryden himself. 26. the bridge, London bridge.

278. 2. Sir John Suckling. See p. 179.

4. Mr. Waller. See p. 178.

5. Sir John Denham. See p. 181.

7. Mr. Cowley. See p. 183.

57. a genere et fine, a definition of class and object.

b. 16. Thespis (c. 540 B. C.), the somewhat fabulous inventor of Greek drama.

17. Aristophanes (448-c. 388 B. C.), the great Greek comic writer.

30. virtuosi, those skilled in the fine arts. 45. pretend, lay claim.

279. a. 25. want, lack.

37. remember, remind. b. 11. fable, plot.

280. a. 33. Corneille (1606-84), the great French dramatist, contemporary with Dryden.

b. 7. intended, aimed at.

36. wanted, fell short.

281. a. 1. Macrobius, c. beginning of fifth century A. D.

7. Tully, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B. C.). 282. a. 25. lively, lifelike.

283. a. 35. Scaliger (Julius Cæsar), 1484-1558.
b. 33. inartificial, inartistic.
284. a. 15. shadow, palliate.

28. sock and buskin, the stage shoe of comedy and tragedy respectively.

57. the author, Ben Jonson.

b. 28. clenches, playing upon words.

41. Mr. Hales (1584-1656), Greek Professor at Oxford and Fellow of Eton College. 58. precedent, predecessor, model. 285. a. 4. censure, opinion.

27. apt, inclined.

b. 20. taxed, accused. 37. comply with, observe.

DEFOE: THE TRUE BORN ENGLISHMAN

This poem was a reply to an attack on William III and the Dutch nation, entitled The Foreigners. It was so successful in turning popular opinion in the king's favor that he had Defoe sent for to express his obligations to the writer. 286. 11-14. See Matthew xxviii, 19.

THE SHORTEST WAY WITH THE DIS-
SENTERS

The succession of Queen Anne in 1702 disappointed Defoe and his nonconformist friends, while it correspondingly encouraged the tory and high church party. The latter pressed for severe measures against the dissenters, who had been tolerated

under William III, and allowed to compromise by 'occasional conformity,' i.e., by going to church on official occasions and attending their own place of worship at other times. Defoe in his pamphlet endeavored to show the absurdity of the high church position by making extravagant claims on their be half, although he took occasion to aim a blow now and then at the inconsistency of his own side. The result was that he offended both parties, although for a while the high church clergy were so deceived that, according to Defoe, one of them wrote to him that next to the Holy Bible and Sacred Comments he held The Shortest Way with the Dissenters as the most valuable thing I can have. I look upon it as the Only Method! and I pray God to put it into the heart of our most gracious Queen, to put what is there proposed in execution.'

287. b. 10. Sir Roger L'Estrange, a prolific pamphleteer, the founder in 1665 of the Gazette, the first English newspaper which has continued to appear regularly ever since. It is the official organ of the British Government.

22. some people, the Nonconformists.

33. fourteen years, from the Revolution of 1688 to

1702.

35. church, the Church of England. 37. sort, set, lot.

41. reproach of the wicked. Writing in the character of a high church clergyman, Defoe imitates Scripture phraseology.

288. a. 8. Act of Toleration (1689), relieving the nonconformists from penalties for not attending the services of the Church of England.

15. abjurations. The clergy were required to take an oath of fidelity to William III and abjure their allegiance to James. Many refused and were deprived of their livings.

28. a war. William engaged, with varying success, in a prolonged struggle against Louis XIV of France.

34. in France. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the Huguenots were forced to conform or leave the country.

52. Rye House Plot (1682-3), a conspiracy to assassinate Charles II and his brother James.

55. unusual favor. James was in favor of toleration to both Puritan and Roman Catholic dissenters; but the Puritans, suspecting that his designs were really directed to Roman Catholic supremacy, joined in the movement against him.

b. 20. a king of their own, William III. 31. Scotland. The Church of Scotland, with the consent of William III, abolished episcopacy, and has ever since been presbyterian in its form of gov.

ernment.

290. a. 32. the right heir. The high church Tories who had remained loyal to James II looked forward to putting his son on the throne at the death of

Anne. The Elector of Hanover, who became George I, was not in the direct line of succession.

34. ridiculous settlements. The act of Settlement, passed by Parliament in 1701, vested the succession in the House of Hanover.

48. French king. Louis XIV expelled 400,000 Huguenots.

b. 2. some animals, rats.

22. the common enemy, France.

291. a. 17. Monmouth, beheaded after the rebellion of 1685.

18. Shaftesbury, died in exile 1683. Argyle, head of a Scottish rising against James; executed 1685. 28. experimentally, as a result of experience. 56. impossible (if the dissenters are tolerated). b. 18-19. What will spoken for? See Song of Solomon viii, 8.

22. enthusiasm was associated with dissenters, and generally regarded with disfavor in the eighteenth century.

45. sensitive, of the senses, physical. these, the dissenters.

292. a. 24. Amalekite race. The enemies of Israd in Canaan. See 1 Samuel xv.

42. Moses - Israelites. See Exodus xxxii, 28 The number given there is, however, three thousand. 57. gallows instead of the counter, hanging instead of imprisonment.

58. counter, a city prison. galleys, enslavement to the oar in a galley.

b. 1. conventicle, a gathering of dissenters for worship.

5 sheriffs and mayors. It was the custom of dis senters to go to Church on their appointment to of ficial positions, in accordance with the law.

34. hang men for trifles. Hanging was the punishment for stealing in England up to 1823. 293. b. 53. humor, spirit, influence. 294. a. 39. religious houses, convents, which were at this time illegal.

40. meeting houses, for nonconformist worship.

PREFACE TO THE REVIEW

The Review, begun on Feb. 19, 1704, and pub lished first once, then twice a week, for nine years gave Defoe scope for his talents as a journalist. The original title was A Review of the Affairs of France and of all Europe, as influenced by that No tion, France being at that time the center of Eu ropean politics. Defoe discussed not only politics but trade and current gossip; he invented not only editorial comment, which was before unknown, but personal interviews, scandalous personalities, answers to correspondents, and many other features of the modern newspaper. The numbers of the Review were issued afterwards in annual volumes, and ia this preface to Vol. I Defoe sets forth his motives and aims in the undertaking.

294. b. 42. the Wise Man, Solomon.

47. first design. See the original title, as given above.

295. a. 15. Marlborough, the great English general who defeated the French at Blenheim, Aug. 13, 1704The war continued for several years.

b. 24. negoce, commerce,

296. b. 2. its birth. The design of the Review was conceived by Defoe in prison.

297. a. 10. D. F. Daniel Foe. The name Defoe was adopted by the author a year later.

THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN

The Essay upon Projects, from which this paper is taken, was written in 1692, but first printed in 1697. 297. a. 27. conversible, fit for human intercourse.

b. 13. wit, intellectual ability.

32. more tongues than one. Milton is reported to have said that one tongue was enough for any

'Seamen have a custom, when they meet a whale, to fling him out an empty tub by way of amusement, to divert him from laying violent hands upon the ship the whale was interpreted to be Hobbes's Leviathan whence the wits of our age are said to borrow their weapons . and it was decreed, that, in order to prevent these Leviathans from tossing and sporting with the Commonwealth they should be diverted from that game by a Tale of a Tub.' (Swift's Preface.) 300. a. 32. d'Argent, of wealth. de Grands Titres, of distinguished titles.

33. d'Orgueil, of pride.

49. Locket's, a famous ordinary, or tavern, at Charing Cross. Will's coffee-house. See below, 325. a. 34, note.

b. 24. grande monde, world of fashion. 37. Jupiter Capitolinus. From his temple on the Capitoline Hill, Rome.

301. a. 12. They held the universe to be a large suit of clothes, etc. Compare Carlyle's Sartor Re

sartus.

16. primum mobile. In the Ptolemaic cosmogony, the outer or tenth revolving sphere.

b. 21. ex traduce. From the root; from the original stock.

302. a. 32. shoulder-knots. This fashion had been introduced from France in the reign of Charles II. See Tatler, No. 82.

35. ruelles, private gatherings.

303. a. 38. nuncupatory and scriptory, verbal and written.

b. 23. my lord C and Sir J. W. have not been identified.

piscem. Hor

305. a. 41. fonde, fund, stock, capital. 307. a. 1-3. Varias inducere ace, Ars Poetica, 11. 2 and 4. 312. b. 49. Newgate. The London prison for debtors and malefactors.

52. Exchange women. Women who kept shops in the piazzas of the Royal Exchange. For Steele's description, see p. 333.

54. the mobile, the mob. Latin, mobile vulgus. 314. a. 58. The philosopher's stone and the universal medicine. Sought by medieval alchemists and mystics.

315. b. 1. the giant Laurcalco. Inaccurate allusion to the passage (Don Quixote, Bk. I, Chap. XVIII) in which Don Quixote mistakes a flock of sheep for an army. 'That knight is the valorous Laurcalco, Lord of the Silver Bridge.'

upon Salis

b. 16-17. an ancient temple bury plain. Probably Stonehenge. 316. a. 4. a disease... the stinging of the tarantula. Tarantism, or dancing mania, was supposed to be so caused, and curable only by music or dancing.

a. 9. Westminster-hall, etc. Places noteworthy for their noises; Westminster Hall frequented by lawyers; Billingsgate famous for the bad language of its fish-wives; the Royal Exchange a center for brokers and merchants of all nations.

b. 7. janizary, a mercenary soldier in the bodyguard of the Sultan, in the middle ages. 318. b. 10. a spunging house. A tavern for the temporary detention of persons arrested for debt.

A MEDITATION UPON A BROOMSTICK Hon. Robert Boyle (1627-1691). A celebrated scientist, The father of chemistry and brother to the Earl of Cork.' One of the original members of the Royal Society. Swift's essay travesties the platitudinous moralizing of his religious meditations.

A MODEST PROPOSAL

321. b. 25. the famous Psalmanazar. George Psalmanazar, a notorious impostor, pretended to be a native of Formosa, of which he published a Description in 1705.

323. a. 16. Topinamboo. A district of Brazil.

STEELE: THE TATLER

325. a. 33. White's Chocolate-house. In St. James's Street. Famous for gambling.

34. Will's Coffee-house. No. I, Bow Street, Covent Garden. Originally kept by William Urwin. Pepy's Diary mentions it, Feb. 3, 1663, as a resort of Dryden and notable for very witty and pleasant discourse.'

35. Grecian. Coffee-house in the Strand, orig. inally kept by a Greek named Constantine, had been a resort of Newton, other members of the Royal Society, and Templars.

36. Saint James's Coffee-house. Near St. James's Palace. A resort of Whig statesmen, military men, and men of fashion.

45. plain Spanish. A simple wine.

48. kidney, temper, humor. A pun on the name of one of the waiters.

scope.

b. 1. casting a figure. Determining the horo

THE SPECTATOR

326. a. 39. Lord Rochester. John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester (1647-80), a fashionable rake and poet of the Restoration period. Sir George Etherege (1639-94). The Restoration dramatist. Like Rochester, a courtly rake.

41. Bully Dawson. d. 1699. A notorious swag. gerer and gamester.

b. 15. Inner Temple. One of the Inns of Court.

24. Aristotle, etc. The reference is to his Poetics. 25. Longinus. Greek Philosopher, third century A. D., to whom the essay, On Sublimity, is doubtfully ascribed.

26. Littleton or Coke. Sir Thomas Littleton (1402-1481) and Sir Edward Coke (1552-1634) were members of the Inner Temple (above, b. 15). A work of the first with commentary by the second used to be the English authority on the law of real property.

36. Demosthenes. The greatest Greek Orator (384-322 B. C.). Tully. Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B. C.), Roman orator and philosopher.

5-8. The Rose. A tavern adjoining Drury Lane

Theater.

327. a. 6. the city of London. The central or business district is so called. Again below, 334. b. 11. 328. a. 10. Duke of Monmouth. The Absolom of Dryden's Absolom and Achitophel. See above, 268 329. a. 43. Sir Richard Blackmore (c. 1650-1729). Physician to William III, and a poet of repute in his day.

332. a. 29. Martial (Bk. I, 69), Latin poet, first century A. D.

b. 55. Strand Bridge. A landing pier at the foot of Strand Lane, giving access to the Strand. 333. a. 19. The Vainloves. Vainlove is 'a capricious lover' in Congreve's comedy, The Old Bachelor.

334. b. 1. Robin's. A coffee-house in Exchange Alley, frequented by brokers.

11. the city. See 327. a. 6, note.

ADDISON: THE SPECTATOR

336 b. 22 Child's. Coffee-house in St. Paul's Churchyard.

30. the Cocoa-tree. A chocolate-house frequented by tories as St. James's by whigs. The Spectator pretends to patronize both.

31-2. Drury Lane and the Haymarket. The two principal theaters of London. The Theater Royal in Drury Lane, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, had been opened in 1674. The Haymarket Opera House, designed and built by Sir John Van Brugh, had been opened in 1705.

36. Jonathan's. Coffee-house in Cornhill. The general mart for stock-jobbers.' (Tatler, No. 38.) 337. b. 8. Mr. Buckley's. Buckley was the publisher.

9. Little Britain. A street in London.

341. a. 25. Moll White The witch described in Spectator, No. 117

342. a. 11. The Committee (1665). Comedy by Sir Robert Howard.

15. Distressed Mother. Adaptation, by Ambrose I'hilips, of Racine's Andromaque. Produced 1712. 24. The Mohocks. Some ruffianly carousers of the upper classes assumed this name. They committed a series of outrages in 1712. 345. b. 49. Mr. Cowley, etc. Davideis iii, 403-4.

See Cowley's

26. Gallus, Caius Cornelius (c. 69-26). Roman

poet and general.

Propertius, Sextus (c. 50-16 B. C.), poet.

27. Horace. Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65-8 B. C.)., the Roman poet.

Varius. Lucius Varius Rufus, 1st century B.C Tucca, Plotius Tucca and Lucius Varius were Virgil's literary executors.

Ovid. Publius Ovidius Naso (43 B. C.-c. 17 A. D.).

28. Bavius and Maevius. Inferior Roman poets mentioned by Virgil (Ecl. iii) and Horace (Epode x).

347. a. 40. Sir John Denham. See p. 181. 56. The Art of Criticism. Pope's Essay on Criticism. See p. 350.

b. 18. Boileau (1636-1711). French critic and poet.

48. Petronius Arbiter. Roman satirical author. Died c 66 A. D.

Quintilian. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (c. 35c. 95 A. D.), Roman rhetorician.

49. Longinus. See 326. b. 25, note. 348. b. 1-2. Essay on Translated Verse. By Went worth Dillon, Earl of Roscommon (1634-85).

2-3. Essay on the Art of Poetry. By John Sheffield, Duke of Buckinghamshire (1649-1721).

47. The path of an arrow.' Wisdom of Solomon, V, 12-13. The quotation is inaccurate. 349. a. 47. Sir Cloudesley Shovel. Commander of the British fleets from 1705. Drowned 1707.

POPE: AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM

young

351. 34. Mævius. See Addison's comment, p. 347352. 129-30. the Mantuan Muse Maro. Virgil. See 783. 19, note. 138. the Stajirite. Aristotle. 353. 180. Homer nods. Allusion to Horace, Ars Poetica, 359.

216. the Pierian Spring. Pieria in Thessaly was the reputed birthplace of the Muses. 354 248. E'en thine, O Rome. St. Peter's. 267. La Mancha's Knight. Don Quixote. 270. Dennis-stage. John Dennis, the critic and playwright, made sententious references to the dra matic precepts of Aristotle. This allusion and another, lines 585-591, initiated Pope's quarrel with him.

328. Fungoso. A character in Ben Jonson's Every Man Out of His Humour, who tries, without success, to keep up with court fashions. 355. 356. Alexandrine. The succeeding line is an example.

361. Denham. See p. 181 Waller. See p. 178. 372. Camilla. In Virgil's Aeneid vii, 808-11. 374-383. Compare Dryden's Alexander's Feast, p

274.

376. Son of Libyan Jove. Alexander the Great 391. Approve, test, put to the proof. 356. 441. Sentences. The Sententiae of Peter Lom. bard, 12th century.

444. Scotists and Thomists. Followers of the thirteenth century schoolmen, Duns Scotus and Thomas Aquinas.

463. Blackmores. See 329. a. 43, note. B. attacked Dryden in A Satire on Wit.'

ened Pope with violence for this delightfully malicious caricature.

156. bohea. A kind of tea, from the Chinese province whence it was first imported in 1666.

CANTO V

366. 5. The Trojan. Æneas. See Eneid iv, 296 ff. 62. Dapperwit. 'A brisk, conceited, half-witted fellow of the town' bears this name in Wycherley's Love in a Wood.

267. 63. Sir Fopling. Suggested, perhaps, by Sir Fopling Flutter in Etherege's The Man of Mode.

65. Meander. A river of Asia Minor frequently mentioned in classical poetry. Celebrated for its windings.

125. Rome's great founder. Romulus.

126. Proculus. The legend is given in Livy I, 6. 136. Rosamonda's lake, A pond in St. James's Park.

137. Partridge. An astrologer and almanac maker ridiculed by Swift in his Bickerstaff papers.

138. Galileo's eyes. The telescope.

368. 140. Louis. Louis XIV, King of France. Rome. The Papacy.

THE CASTLE OF INDOLENCE 374. 32. Philomel, the nightingale. 375. 75. the rural poets. Those who treated pastoral subjects.

76. Arcadian. See Life of Sidney, p. 81. Sicilian. Sicily was the home of a group of pastoral poets of whom the chief was Theocritus. 98. Lorraine. Claude Lorrain (1600-82), French landscape painter.

99. Rosa, Salvator (c. 1615-1673). Neapolitan painter noted for his battle pieces.

Poussin. Doubtless Nicholas Poussin (15941665). French landscape and historical painter. 131. mell, mingle, mix.