passage (i. 69.), that the whole duration of the monarchy exceeded 4,700 years, and that the greater number of sovereigns were native Egyptians. The two statements are clearly intended to be the same, but the latter is the more accurate. Subtracting here, as above, the period of foreign rule, according to the previous estimate, we have a surplus of nearly 43 centuries for that of the native monarchs.

The computation of his "nearly 5,000" years begins with "Moris," or "Myris," which amounts to the same thing. In a 115 more accurate writer than Diodorus we might get over this name, by substituting that of Menes, with whom, as being the first mortal King, he, as well as Herodotus, begins, in the immediate sequel, the reigns of the Pharaohs. But in the case of a work so carelessly botched together as this history, any such desperate expedient were as little to the purpose, as an attempt critically to illustrate a palpable interpolation. The name may either be that of the real Maris, who is afterwards introduced as one of the successors of Menes - or may represent a prince of the provincial race prior to Menes, of whom, however, we hear nothing in any other quarter.

Five of those 475 native rulers were females. This also is borrowed, not from Herodotus, but from Egyptian sources. From them and from the monuments at least three are known to us in the New, besides Nitocris in the Old Empire. "All these," says Diodorus, " are registered in the Annals of the Priests, with the particulars of their stature and personal appearance their mental qualities, exploits, and works." This passage already referred to in a former section is confirmed, as we there remarked, by the primeval Royal Papyrus, and other records.

115 One MS. indeed has the former reading; the other mode of spelling it occurs also in Strabo and Herodotus in some MSS.

III. SYNOPSIS OF THE LISTS OF DIODORUS.

WE subjoin the entire series of Kings in Diodorus under such sections or epochs as his arrangement appears to suggest.

I. Menes, the first King (i. e. of all Egypt), the founder of their civilisation (c. 45.).

52 Successors of Menes during upwards of 1040 years.

Here also there is genuine but perverted tradition. For the 52 successors of Menes are clearly the Kings of the Old Empire in the Memphito-Theban Dynasties. That empire lasted, according to Eratosthenes, 1076 years, of which 62 fall to Menes, and consequently 1014 to his successors. Manetho, as we have seen, assigns about 50 Kings to those Dynasties, instead of the 38 of the Alexandrian critic, with a few centuries more. Here, therefore, we have plain vestiges of Alexandrian criticism.

II. Busiris and his Dynasty -9 Kings (c. 46-49). 1. Busiris I., the Tyrant, and slayer of strangers. 2-8. His successors.

9. Busiris II. who built Thebes. [Diodorus here subjoins a description of the city, comprising that

of the tomb of a King Osymandyas after the younger Hecatæus.]

The tradition embodied in this section is derived from the age prior to Menes- probably from Upper Egypt; the only historical fact mentioned being the building of Thebes. This work some authorities, referred to by Diodorus, ascribe to Isis; others, if we may trust Synesius, make the city still more ancient than that goddess.116

116 Diod. i. 15. Wesseling quotes upon this passage Stephanus on Atorolig, and Schol. II. a. 383. Synesius, i. Provid. p. 94. B., and ii. p. 117. C.

III. (1) Uchoreus (c. 50): "eighth successor of this King" (of Osymandyas or Busiris the Second ?). Built Memphis, and dug the lake as a protection to it. He also erected a royal residence, which however was not equal in splendour to the previous works. The God Nilus, as a bull, is said to have procreated from the daughter of this King (2) Egyptus: an upright and humane sovereign. The foundation of Memphis, according to Manetho, belongs to the 1st Dynasty. But mention is here made of the building of a royal palace, which fell short of the earlier buildings. This warrants the assumption, that we have here a confused tradition concerning the first Memphite Dynasty, the third of Manetho, which began with the sixth King of Eratosthenes, and comprised nine rulers.

IV. Mæris (c. 52): 12 generations later. His works according to Herodotus.

The historical Moris therefore, if we may trust the above notice, lived 12 generations after Ægyptus, the 2nd King of the 3rd Dynasty=7th of Eratosthenes. An interval of 12 generations would bring us to Apappus, 20th in the List of Eratosthenes, and chief of the sixth Manethonian Dynasty.

V. 1. Sesoōsis (c. 53-58.): 7 generations later: a King celebrated in song, and whose history is variously related. His expeditions, in part according to Herodotus: returned at the end of nine years, and employed his captives in building a temple to the principal deity of that city protected the Delta by a wall 1500 stadia (186 miles) long, extending from Pelusium to Heliopolis, consequently to the north-east-reigned 33 (others say 30) years: was deprived of his eyesight and committed suicide. Two obelisks, each 120 cubits high (180 Egyptian feet), record his exploits.

2. Sesoōsis II. Son and successor. The story of his being struck blind and being cured, is word for word the same as that of Pheron in Herodotus (c. 59).

-

The above section is a medley-combining the narrative of Herodotus (a part of which, as we have seen, belongs to the Old Empire) - concerning the Ramesside Sesoōsis (Sesothis)-with another tradition proper to the Old Empire: viz. the Sesostris-tradition. Sesostris belongs to the 12th Dynasty of Manetho, and corresponds with the 33rd or 34th King of Eratosthenes, consequently with the 13th or 14th subsequent to the Moris of Diodorus.

VI. 1. Amasis—according to a reading discovered by Stephanus, Ammosis was abandoned by his 117. whole people on account of his tyranny, and lost his kingdom (c. 60.), to

2. Actisanes, the Ethiopian (c. 61.) — a humane ruler, who commuted the sentence of criminals capitally condemned, to amputation of their noses, and assigned them as a place of refuge the desert sea-coast, east of Pelusium (hence called Rhinocolura) (the land of mutilated noses). He was succeeded (and could therefore have formed no Dynasty) by a native King

3. Mendes: called by others Marros: no way distinguished as a warrior, but celebrated for the Labyrinth which he built, as his own burial-place. To clear up the confusion in this succession would require a more detailed analysis than for the present we are able to devote to it. The building of the Labyrinth however brings us down to the end of the 12th Dynasty, and the 35th King of Eratosthenes. It may be remarked that according to Diodorus, only three reigns

117 Steph. p. 11. comp. c. 60.

intervene between Sesoōsis = Sesostris, and MendesMares, including the younger Ramesside, who is transplanted hither from the New Empire-exclusive of him, consequently, but two, as in Eratosthenes.

VII. 1. Ketes (c. 62.), the Proteus of the Greeks: obtained possession of the throne after an anarchy which lasted five generations. He was of an insignificant family, and was elected King. The fable of Proteus follows with its interpretation. 2. Remphis, his son, the miser, who hoarded up 400,000 talents.

3. Nileus, from whom the Nile took its name, having

previously been called Ægyptus-one of seven Kings who succeeded Remphis - the other six were indolent sovereigns, who performed nothing worthy of note (c. 63.).

This is evidently a continuation of the history of the Ramessides (19th and 20th Dynasty), which in the foregoing Section was mixed up with a tradition from the Old Empire.

VIII. The builders of Pyramids. 1. Chemmis, a Memphite, succeeded the 7 Kings, and reigned 50 years built the Great Pyramid. Both narrative and descriptive details are here for the most part after Herodotus.

2. Kephren (c. 64.), brother of Chemmis, reigned 56 years. Second Pyramid. [According to some, the successor of Chemmis, and the builder of the second Pyramid was not his brother, but his son Chabryes or Chabryis. According to others, Chemmis and Kephren were not buried in their Pyramids, for fear of the people, who detested them, but in a meaner place of sepulture.]

3. Mykerinus or Mekerinus, the son of Chemmis, not of Kephren, as in some versions. He commenced the third Pyramid, but did not complete it. His