Principles of the Economic Philosophy of Society, Government and Industry

a Share of the Product ?–72. Does the Risk of Loss Give
Valid Title to the Profit 1-73. Loss as well as Profit an
Economic Force.-74. The Rate of Profit.

CHAPTER VI.-CAPITAL...

196

75. Definitions.--76. Distribution of Wealth Precedes and

Causes Production,–77. Is Economic Distribution Just ?

–78. Dispersion of Capital is a Mode of Destroying It.-

79. How Distribution of Wealth Attends its Accumulation

and Getting Rich is Doing Good.-80. The Greater the

Accumulation of Reproductive Wealth, the More Equal

the Diffusion of Enjoyable Wealth.--81. Capital as
Laborer.-82. Forms of Capital.—83. Capital as an Eman-
cipator.–84. Re-distribution of Ill-used Wealth.-85.
Distribution by Luxury —86. Its Humanity Arraigned.-
87. Society's Gain by Economy.--88. Society's Gain by
Large Accumulations.--89. Large Capitals Lessen Con-
sumption.-90. Effects of Large Capitals on Rates of
Wages.--91. Constancy of Returns.-92. What Makes
High Profits?–93. Malthus' So called Law.-94. Fewer
Producers--Less Production.-95. Wages are Also Capital.

CHAPTER VII.-LAND.....

237

96. Values of Land.--97. True Cause of Rent.-98. Rent and

Transportation.-99. Rent as a Balance to Transportation.

-100. Rent as a Dispersive Force on Population.—101.

Exhaustion of Soils.--102. Values of Land Due to the

Consumers of Land Products.—103. Machinery in Farm-

ing.--104. Effects of Releasing Labor by Machinery.-105.

Tenant Farms and Large Holdings in America.-106.

Large and Small Land Holdings in England.—107. Land

in Ireland.-108. Evolution of Cultivated Plants as Sources

of Food.

281

329

CHAPTER VIII.-LABOR....

109. Definition of Labor.–110. Work Differs from Labor.-

111. All Labor Can Not be Agreeable.--112. Labor Less

Broad than Production.-113. The · Wage Fund"

Doctrine.—114. The Rate of Wages and Margin of Profits.

-115. Is Population a Check on Wages? --116. Countries

of High and Low Wages.-117. Labor-Saving Machines.

-118. Labor Combinations. -119. Arbitration and Labor

Courts.—120. Labor Agitations for a Social Revolution.-

121. Causes which Compel Men to Work for Wages-—122.

The Organization of Labor in Industry.–123. The Terms

of Partnership, Labor, and Capital.-124. Effect of Impor-

tation of Competing Products on the Wages of Labor.-

125. Effect of Military Protection to Foreign Trade on

Home Wages.—126. Diversity of Industries Essential to

High Wages.-127. Exclusion of Immigration as a Measure

to Promote Wages.—128. The Barter of Domestic Labor

for Domestic Labor Promotes Domestic Wages.—129.

Wages of Social Labor.–130. Wages of Women.

CHAPTER IX.-MONEY..

131. What is Money ?–132. Origin of Money.-133. The Form

of Money.-134. The Substance of Coins.-135. Changes

in British Coinage.-136. The Standard.—137. The Ratio

between the Money Metals.–138. Exchangeable Credit as

Quasi Money.-139. Bills of Exchange and Notes.—140.

Money of Account.–141. Bank Deposits and Checks.-

142. Bank Notes.-143. Government Notes and Debts.-

144. The Volume of Credit.-145. Relative Cost and

Economy of Coin and Credit-Fiat Money.-146. Variations
in the Volume of Money.--147. The Single and Double

Standard.–148. Rate of Production of Gold and Silver.

CHAPTER X.-CRISES..

149. Crises Defined.—150. Crises Produced by Excessive Im-

portation of Competing Products.--151. Competing Im-

ports Again the Cause.-152. Exhaustion of Capital.-153.

Great Wars Seldom, if Ever, Produce, but Often Avert or

Remedy Crises.—154. The American Crisis of 1837.—155.
Crisis of 1857.-156. The Crisis of 1866.-157. The Crisis
of 1873-9.-158. The Balance of Trade.--159. Doctrine

of the Balance of Trade.-160. Are Crises Useful or Penal?

CHAPTER XI.—THE STATE...

161. Government Is Natural.—162. Interest Organizes Indus-

try.-163. The Motive Force in Industry.-164. Forms of

Government Dependent on the Evolution of Occupations.

-165. Governments Classified.-166. Parliamentary and

Representative States,--167. Diversity of Form in Repub-

lics.--168. Diversity of Functions and Objects. - 169.

Local Govern ment.–170. The State as Related to

Industry.-171. Coercion and Attraction in the State.-

172. Government by Force.-Voting by Males.—173.

Armies and Their Cost. -174. Crime and Its Punishment.

-175. Social Crimes and Insanities,-176. The Recent

Growth of Debt.

370

398

CHAPTER XII.- TAXATION..

432

177. Origin of Taxes.-178. Standards of Equal Taxation. -

179. An Ideal Theory of Taxation.—180. The Search for

the Incidence of Taxation, and of Specific Taxes.--181.

The Practice of Modern Governments in Taxation. The

United States.-182. Taxation in Great Britain.-Local.-

183. General Taxation in Great Britain. -184. India.-

Taxation by Profits of Enforced Foreign Trade.—185.

Taxation by Profits of Enforced Trade.- Turkey.-186.

Taxation by Profits of Enforced Trade.-Ireland.

CHAPTER XIII.-TAXATION CONTINUED.....

496

187. France. — Conditions. — 188. France. -- Revenues. - 189.

France, as Discussed by Smith.-190. Taxation as a Cause

of Production. Beet Sugar. — 191. The Sophisms of

Bastiat.–192. Modern Germany.--Protective Taxation a

Source of National Unity.-193. Germany's Present System
of Taxation. — 194. Revenue System of Russia.—195.
English Colonies.—196. China and Japan.

CHAPTER XIV.-THE FREE TRADE CRITICISM..

555

197. Methods of Argument Concerning Protection and So-

called Free Trade.-198. Sidgwick on Protection to Native

Industry.-199. Moffat on Protection in Growing Coun-

tries. -- 200. Devas on Protection.--201. Prof. Perry's

Free-Trade Methods.-Does or Does Not Free Trade

Employ Foreign Labor?-202. Why Canadians May Not

Have Free Trade with Vermont.--203. The Profit Argu-

ment.-Protection Profits a Nation or Nations Would

Not Protect. —204. Cost of Labor in America and Europe.
-205. Making Taxes Productive.-206. Collecting Taxes
from Foreign Producers.--207. Whether the Duty Raises
the Price on the Whole Domestic Product.—208. Getting
Cutlery by Making Buttons.-209. Must a Nation Import
Commodities in order to Export em, or Buy Them in
order to Sell Them?-210. The Theory of Barter Does
Not Aid the Free-Trade Criticism.-211. Private, Special,
and Public Interests.-212. Protection Universal.

CHAPTER XV.-ECONOMY OF PROTECTION.

609

213. How a Tariff May Protect Producers.--214. When Duties

on Imports Protect from Taxation.-215. When Protection

Promotes Production.—216. Protection Promotes Wages.

-217. Protection Promotes National Unity and Peace.