Зображення сторінки
PDF
ePub

I will now state to you the geological hypothesis established by induction to account for the origin of springs. The sea communicates with mountains, not by subterranean passages through the crevices of sands and rocks, but by atmospheric moisture in the form of dew and rain. Vapours are constantly exhaling from rivers, lakes, and seas. These are carried by winds through the atmosphere in the forms of mists and clouds. Mists and clouds are stopped in their course by high mountains; their watery particles become condensed and fall to the surface in dew, rain, hail, and snow. The water, thus produced, penetrates the soil, finds chinks and interstices in the rocks, through which it percolates, and insinuates itself into the bodies of mountain masses, until it reaches a bed of impervious stone or clay. There it stops and increases in quantity and power, and penetrates interstices Fig. 39. and crevices, till it forces an outlet into the open air as a well of water. The spring becomes perennial or intermittent, according to the extent and capacity of the district, on which the moisture has fallen, to supply water for feeding the current.

subterranean communication. On the contrary, wherever miners
find running waters under ground, their current is invariably
from the mountain towards the sea, and never in the other
direction. If there be such passages, some of them must be
many hundreds or thousands of miles in length. The explora-
tions of mountains furnish no proof of the existence of internal
caverns, 600 or 700 feet high, with cooling roofs to condense
the vapours. Travellers have visited grottoes and caverns of
all dimensions, but none of them support his theory. Some
of these are perfectly dry, and consequently have no com-
munication with the sea. Some of them have their walls and
floors covered with incrustations of lime. The bottoms of some
of them have small rivulets passing through them. Others
distil drops of water from their roof and their sides. All the
waters that distil from
the roof, ooze out at the
sides, or run in stream-
lets at the bottom, are
derived from rain and
atmospheric moisture.
This is proved by the
facts-that these cavern
rivulets always increase
or diminish in propor-
tion as the season is dry
or rainy-that no water
oozes from the bottom
of the cave-and that,
in very long dry wea-
ther, the oozings at the
sides, and the droppings
from the roof cease altogether.

D

C

Springs rising on each side of a Mountain.

If springs originated in sea water in a cave, heated by subterranean fire, rising in vapour, condensed by a cooling roof, the droppings and oozings of water would have nothing to do with the changes of dry and wet seasons, for they would be independent of all outward causes on the surface.

The second theory, invented to account for the derivation of springs from the ocean, professes to be more philosophic than that of Descartes. It supposes that the sea water has left all its salt behind, on the sides of the subterranean channels and crannies through which it has passed, and that the water becomes purged and purified of all heterogeneous mixtures by being drained through sands and porous rocks. It is by this process, say its advocates, that salt water becomes fresh and drinkable

Test, again, this theory by our geological knowledge. If you have ever descended the shaft of a mine, or walked along any of the adits and levels in our coalpits, and have seen the oozings, droppings, and streamings of water, ask yourself, what has become of the salt of all this water? Has any miner ever discovered this salt? When you are puzzled at this,

That springs owe their origin to atmospheric moisture is proved thus. It needs no proof that the atmosphere being replete with vapours, discharges, on their condensation, its waters into the soil and the crevices of hills and mountains. It is well known that springs are low, or quite dried up, when the season is dry, and that the return of rain never fails to renew and recruit them. It is, therefore, evident that rain water finds a passage to these wells whether they are on the sides, or at the base of a mountain. According as the mass or stratum of sand, which the water penetrates, is more or less thick or deep, or as the water-tight stratum below is curved or basin-shaped, and capacious or small, to contain a larger or less quantity of moisture, so will the well that bubbles up be intermittent or perennial.

D

B

I will now endeavour to explain to you some of the geological circumstances, which give rise to different descriptions of springs. It is generally the case that the external surface of the earth, whether on mountain Fig. 40. or in plain and valley, consists of some porous and loose strata, covered with gravelly beds and vegetable mould. Lower down is an impervious and water-tight rock, through which water cannot percolate. The surface soils allow the water to pass through them easily. When the percolating water reaches the upper surface of a water-tight stratum, it collects and accumulates, especially if that surface be dented or curved. As it increases in quantity and weight, it will endeavour to find for itself an outlet, and form a well. If the beds that have been percolated by the water be deep and extensive, the flowing at the spring head may continue the whole length of a dry season, and then it is called a perennial fountain.

Springs rising on one side only of a Mountain.

then ask yourself, what has become of the salt of all the thousands of rivers that flow on our earth? If it has been deposited in the crevices of rocks, it is probable that some mining exploration would have discovered it. I shall, hereafter, show that salt springs give no support to this theory. Think what an enormous quantity of salt must, on this theory, have been left behind by all the river systems of the earth-rivers of immense volumes, which have been running for thousands and myriads of years. In the course of all these ages, either the ocean must have emptied itself of its salt, or the earth become overcharged with it. Besides, the salt left behind in the crevices would eventually block up such channels of communication with the sea, as we see now calcareous and ferruginous water incrusting the insides of pipes, until they are completely choked. In numerous instances, there are springs of fresh water close to the margin of the sea, and some of them in very small islands. Such springs can be proved to have no communication whatever with the sea, except by running into it.

|

The rocks of the earth are susceptible of four forms of structure, which give rise to as many forms of springs. The first is where the underlying water-tight rock is a ridge that bends downwards on each side. The second is where it is an inclined plane in one direction. The third is where the sides of the rock curve up on both sides like the inside of a basin. The fourth is where rocks have been dislocated by what is called a fault. These peculiarities of structure will be illustrated to you by the different woodcuts of this Lesson.

The first instance of a spring formed by the concave curve of a water-tight rock is represented by fig. 39.

In this diagram a represents a water-tight rock which constitutes a mountain mass. B is a gravelly bed formed by the disintegration of A and resting upon it. c is the vegetable mould which covers A and B. From D to e is a well formed at the bottom of the mountain, and ɛ is another spring bubbling at a high elevation one one of its sides.

Springs of this description are generally known from the fact of their having the same mean temperature as the region in which they appear. On this account they seem in summer to be colder, and in the winter to be warmer, than the atmosphere. It is possible that rain water, which has entered these rocks in a comparatively pure state, may, in passing through crannies and pores of the beds, dissolve chemically some of the soluble elements it meets with, and bear them away with it in its course. In these instances, the percolating moisture, originally derived from the atmosphere, springs up in wells charged with carbonic acid, with some of the alkalis and salts, or with some calcareous or siliceous elements, in quantities, perhaps, too small to be detected by analysis, but sufficient to give a different taste to the water. These are all, to a certain degree, mineral springs. The second instance of wells formed by geological structure, is where all the upper beds of a hill, or a mountain, consist of porous rocks through which water can easily percolate, and where they and the water-tight rock below them, form an inclined plane, as represented in fig. 40.

In fig. 40 A is a series of inclined beds of a water-tight rock forming the base of a hill. is a series of porous strata, consisting of gravel or sand, resting conformably on the inclined beds of A. c is the point of junction of the porous beds with the water-tight strata, at which the permeating water will appear as a spring, at a considerable elevation on the side of the hill. It is evident that with such a geological structure of rocks, no spring of water can appear at D. The copiousness and the continued flow of such a spring must depend upon the depth and the extent of the beds B B.

The water of wells of this description penetrate deeper into the earth, than the water of the springs represented in fig. 39. On account of the depth of rock penetrated, the percolaring water increases a little in temperature, according to the laws of incrcase of temperature in the inferior rocks. Hence most wells thus formed have remarkably a greater warmth, than the mean temperature of the district in which they rise. This is the case sometimes even in elevated mountains, where the water has attained the degree of 40 or 50 degrees of heat Fahr., and are accordingly called hot-wells, or thermal springs, which have been described to you in a former Lesson. In all probability the several hot-wells, which are found in the Alps, derive their warmth, only from the circumstance of rain water having to descend five or six thousand feet into the mountain before it bubbles up on the side, or at the bottom, of a rock, as a spring.

The third instance of springs being occasioned by geological structure, is where the surface of water-tight rocks curves upwards on both sides, and forms a kind of basin for the percolated waters. I shall reserve what I have to say on wells of this description to our next Lesson, which will be "On the Principles of Artesian Wells."

LESSONS IN LATIN.-No. XXX.
By JOHN R. Beard, D. D.

DEVIATIONS IN THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 2. Perfect, ui; Supine, thum.

i.

ii.

Crepo, crepui, crepare, crepitum 1, to creak.
Cubo, cubui, cubare, cubitum 1, to lie down.

iii. Domo, domui, domare, domitum 1, to tame, subdue. iv. Mico, micui, micare (no supine), to glitter; so emico, emicui, emicare, emicatum, to dart forth; but dimico, I fight, has dimicavi, dimicare, dimicatum.

v. Plico, plicui, plicare, plicatum, and plicitum, to fold; implico has implicui, implicatus (Cicero), and implicitus; explico and applico, in Cicero, have always avi, atum; replico, also, is regular.

vi. Sona, sonui, sonare, sonitum, to sound; part. fut.

sonaturus.

vii. Tono, tonui, tonare (no supine), to thunder. viii. Veto, vetui, vetare, vetitum, to forbid. Let me impress on the student the necessity of committing these forms to memory. Only by committing them to memory-only by retaining them in your memory-can you become thoroughly master of them, and so have them in your possession for all necessary purposes. Be not deluded by any representations which may aim to make you think that you can become familiar with the Latin or any other language, unless at the expense of very considerable and very close labour. Again, and again, twice or thrice over, must you acquire and repeat to yourself or to a friend all the forms I give; nor be satisfied that they are yours until, by repeated examinations and trials, you learn that you have them in your mind. You will act wisely to call in to your aid the principle of mutual stimulus and mutual instruction. Go over these forms aloud, several persons reciting them at once. For this purpose, it would be well to have a leader or drill-sergeant, to give the word, and keep the recital correct. When you have repeated a form or a vocabulary sufficiently, then proceed to examine each other. You would do well to call into play the same impulse and aid in writing and correcting the examples and exercises. If you are unable to get several to join you in the task, undertake to teach Latin to some poor boy who cannot afford to purchase the POPULAR EDUCATOR, or who may be neglected by his proper guardians. If two persons, who, with equal time and equal talents, began together to study Latin, the one teaching another, the other confining all his attention to himself, the former would outstrip the latter very easily, and make such progress, as in a few months to defy competition.-Docendo disce. VOCABULARY.

to, to lie (sit) at table; excubo 1, to keep watch; perdomo 1, to tame Increpo 1, to scold; percrepo 1, to resound; accubo 1, to lie up thoroughly; applico 1, to lean against; se applicare, to bring near, ap proach, apply to some one, to turn to some thing; complico 1, to fold together; complicatus, complicated, dark; replico 1, to unfold, reply; cremo 1, to burn; aduro, adussi, adurere, adustum 3, to set on fire, burn; evolvo, evolvi, evolutum 3, to roll out, unfold; verecundia, ae, f. modesty; scaturigo, inis, a spring; gemitus, ús, m. a groan; nutus, us, m. a nod, command; ploratus, as, a complaint, a weeping; passim, hither and thither, everywhere; age, come; discedo 3, to depart, go; reperio 4, to find; et-et, both.

EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

Quis vinit? fores crepuerunt; dux milites vehementer increpuit; tota urbs vocibus civium de victoria ex hostibus reportata exexsultantium percrepuit; age, cubitum discedamus ;Romani multas nutuque legum, domitas habere libidines, coercere omnes cupidigentes ac nationes armis perdomuerunt; docemur auctoritate tates; ex hoc fonte ingentes scaturigines aquae emicuerunt; Indorum sapientes ad flammam se applicant; Indorum sapientes sine gemitu aduruntur; indorum sapientes, quum ad flammam se applicaverunt, sine gemitu aduruntur; Cicero ad Molonem philosophum se applicavit; sapiens stúdet animi sui complicatam notionem evolvere; quum memoriam temporum replicaveris, et virtutum et vitiorum multa exempla reperies; quum urbs expugnata esset, omnia passim mulierum puerorumque ploratibus sonuerunt; teremur quum serenâ tempestate (weather) sonuit; nitimur in vetitum; Augustus carmina Virgilii cremari vetuit; Augustus carmina Virgilii cremari contra testamenti ejus verecundiam vetuit. ENGLISH-LATIN.

The hinges of the door creaked; the mother scolded her innocent son; the soldiers kept watch all night; the sailors will subdue the enemy's fleet; I shall apply myself to Cicero (study under him); I forbid you to study under Aristotle; we shall strive for what is forbidden (vetitum); the whole house sounded with the groaning of the sick men; the city sounds with arms; Jupiter subdues the other gods by his nod; everywhere groanings and weepings sound; I have thoroughly tamed the lion.

DEVIATIONS IN THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

3. Perfect, ui; Supine, tum.

i. Frico, fricui, fricare, fricatum, to rub; refrico, refricui, refricare, refrictum to rub up, revive (p. f. refricaturus). ii. Neco, necuri, necare, nectum, to kill; eněco, enecui, enecare, enectum, to torture in killing.

iii. Seco, secui, secare, sectum, to cut, flog (p. f. secaturus). 4. Perfect, i; Supine, tum.

i. Juvo, juvi, juvare, jutum (juvaturus), to help; adjŭvo, adjūvi, adjuvare, adjutum, adjuturus. ii. Lavo, lāvi, lavare, lautum, to wash.

[ocr errors]

VOCABULARY.

Adjuvare (acc.), to support, assist; desecare, to cut down; resecare, to cut off; perfricare, to rub greatly; refricare, to rub back, rub again; alligare 1, to bind to, orm, coeno 1, to sup, dine attingo, attingere, attigi, attactum 3, to touch; peto, petire, petivi, petitum 3, to ask, seek, fetch; oleum, i, ., principium, i, n. a beginning; principio, at the first; garrulitas, átis, f. talkativeness; solutus, a, um, free; frustra, in vain (E. R. frustrate); desiderium, i, n. sense of loss, regret for; quantopere, how much; garrulus, a, um, chattering; garrio 4, I chatter; horreum, i, n. a barn; congero 3, I carry; reporto 1, I bring back, gain.

EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

Vereor ne litteris meis refricuerim desiderium ac dolorem tuum; tuis sceleribus reipublicae praeterita fata refricaturus es; dubium non est quin tuis sceleribus reipublicae praeterita fata refricaturus sis; Tantalus summam aquam attingens, enectus siti fingitur, a poetis; nescisne quantopere garrulus iste homo me garriendo enecuerit? Caius Marius, quum secaretur, principio vetuit se alligari nec quisquam ante Marium solutus dicitur esse sectus; Agricolae frumenta desecta in horrea congerunt; nisi libidines resecueris, frustra studebis beate vivere; quis nescit quantopere Cicero patriam juverit? non solum fortuna, sed etiam industria tua te in negotio tuo adjüvit; si quid fortuna milites nostros adjuverit, non dubitamus quin splendidam de hostibus reportaturi simus victoriam; exercitus maximis intineribus profectus est cives obsidione cinctus adjūtum; ne prius coena quam manus lavěris; corpus lauturus aquam puram e vivo (running) flumine pete! ENGLISH-LATIN.

Boys, rise, wash, and when you have washed (2nd fut.), apply to your business; these women have tortured me with their chatter; I do not doubt that these women have tortured thee with their chatter; these talkative girls will kill me with their tongues; I shall forbid my son to chatter; hast thou washed thy hands? come! wash thy hands well before you sit to table (accubo); they will not (nolo) wash their feet; the father's word assists the son; ships are coming to assist the besieged city; there is no doubt but the army of our general will speedily assist the city; hast thou cut thy thumb? I have cut my leg; thou hast revived my grief; not willingly (willing) have I revived thy grief; fortune aids the brave; the slave is bound; the father forbids his son to be bound.

You ought now to be able to translate, at least with the aid of a dictionary, an easy Latin sentence. Make the trial. Here is a fable by Esop. I have marked the order in which the words should be taken. Can you translate it?

[blocks in formation]

Milvius, i, m. a kite; accipiter, ri, m. a hawk; strages, is, f. slaughter; edo 3, I put forth, cause; patrocinium, i, m. patronage; possum, posse, potui, I am able.

With this aid you ought to be able to make out the whole. Here then you have a test of your progress. If you cannot, after sufficient study, make it out, you may feel assured that you have not attended to my instructions as you should have done. However, I will supply you with a nearly literal translation, as another means of assisting you.

THE HAWK AND THE WOOD PIGEONS.

The wood pigeons, through fear of the kite, entreated the hawk to defend them. He assented. But, being received into the dovecote, he committed more slaughter in one day than the kite could have done in a long time. The fable teaches you that the patronage of the wicked should be shunned.

I will also show you the grammatical connexion of some of the words, and the reason of the condition in which they severally are; that is, I will give you in it a specimen of what is called Parsing.

Columbae, from columba, columbae, a wood-pigeon or dove, a noun feminine of the first declension in the nominative case plural number, being the subject to the verb rogaverunt. Milvii, from milvius, milvii, a noun masculine of the second declension, governed in the genitive case by metu. Metu, from metus, metûs, a noun masculine of the fourth declension in the ablative case, the cause, manner, or instrument being put in the ablative. Accipitrem, from accipiter, accipetri, a noun masculine of the second declension in the accusative case, being the object of the verb rogaverunt, which requires its object to be in the accusative. Rogaverunt, from rogo, rogare, tion in the perfect tense third person plural, to agree with its rogavi, rogatum, to ask, a transitive verb of the first conjugasubject columbae. Ut, a conjunction, which, when, as here, it signifies a contemplated result, requires its verb to be in the subjunctive mood. Eas, a demonstrative pronoun referring to columbae, from is, ea, id, the accusative plural feminine gender to agree with its noun, and governed by defenderet. Defenderet, a transitive verb, from defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum, of the third conjugation subjunctive mood imperfect tense third person singular number, agreeing with its subject ille understood, and governed by the conjunction ut. ille, illa, illud, a demonstrative pronoun referring to acciIlle, from the verb annuit. piter, the subject to Annuit, from annuo, annuere, annui, annutum, an intransitive verb of third conjugation in the perfect tense indicative mood third person singular, to agree with its subject ille. Annuit is made up of ad and nuo; nuo is connected with the noun nutus, a nod; so that the exact meaning of ille annuit is he nodded assent. If we view the first sentence logically it will stand thus :PREDICATE.

the

SUBJECT.

Verb.

Object. Columbae rogaverunt accipitrem. You thus see that milvii metu are accidental terms, terms not necessary to the sentence. Ut eas defenderet is equivalent to eas defendere, to defend them. Accordingly rogo has two objects; first object, accipitrem; second object, ut eas defenderet. In the grammars it is said that rogo, with other verbs of asking, governs two accusatives, the one of the person, the other of the thing.

Now in the parts thus parsed nothing occurs but what you ought to know and be able to explain. Nay, more than this, you ought to be able to give the stems of the nouns and verbs. At any rate, I must enjoin it on you, in the attempts which I now recommend you to make in parsing, to go through every noun, every tense, &c., according to the models already supplied-to go through all the parts carefully in every instance. Remember, "practice makes perfect."

Two verbs in the fable may give you some trouble, namely, edidit and potuisset. Edidit from edo, edere, edidi 3, in the perfect tense third person singular, is, like dedit from do, formed by reduplication from the present edo. Potuisset, from the irregular verb possum, potui, posse, to be able, is in the subjunctive mood pluperfect tense third person singular, English, might have been able, or could have done.

LESSONS IN GERMAN.-No. XXI. SECTION XXXVII.

IMPERSONAL VERBS

Impersonal verbs are confined to the third person singular, and have as their subject, or nominative only the pronoun es Ex.: & regnet; it rains. Es tonnert; it thunders. Es blizt

it lightens. (§ 81. 1.)

I. Besides those verbs that are merely impersonal, others may be thus employed; as, Es scheint, daß er frank ist; it appears that he is sick. Es schmerzt mich, das zu hören; it pains me to hear that, &c.

II. Many verbs, however, that, in German are used impersonally, have, in this respect, no verbs of the same kind in English to correspond. Ex.: 8 gelingt mir; I succeed (it succeeds to me), &c.

III. Geben," to give," is often, with its proper case (the accusative), employed to denote existence in a manner general

and indefinite, and is translated like fein, "to be." Ex.: & giebt (not es find) Leute, die alle Tage auf den Markt gehen; there are (i. e. there exist) people who go to the market every day. Es sind heute (not es giebt) viele Leute auf dem Markte; there are many people to-day at the market.

Es giebt keine Rosen ohne Dornen; there are (there exist) no roses without thorns.

Es find (not es giebt) viele Kinder in dieser Schule; there are many children in this school.

Es giebt (there exist) noch Riesen in der Welt; there are still giants in the world.

[blocks in formation]

EXERCISE 41. Einbrechen, to break in;

safe to venture it3. 11. As soon as the wind abates it will rain. 12. In every community there exist more blockheads than villains, and more ignorant men than learned.

1 Als ob es. 2 Es ereignete sich. 3 sicher sein es zu wagen

SECTION XXXVIII.

REFLEXIVE VERBS.

Reflexive verbs ($ 86. 1, 2, &c.) are those that represent the subject as acting upon itself; as, Er besinnt sich; he bethinks himself &c Verbs of this class are much more numerous than in English, and are variously translated. Ex.: Gr macht sich über mich luftig; he makes himself merry over me (i. e. he ridicules me.) Er kränkt sich über seinen Verluft; he mourns Cover (or an account of) his loss. Er freut sich über sein Glüf; Erfla'ren, to explain; Tagen, to dawn, be- he rejoices at his prosperity. Gr wiedersezt sich den Befehlen des

Gis, n. ice;

Feindlich, hostile;
Fürchten, to fear;
Georg, m. George;
Hageln, to hail;
Leicht, easy, easily;
Reißend, ravenous;

Es wird immer Leute geben, die fich
gegen die hellsten Wahrheiten
empören, wie viele giebt es deren
heut zu Tage nicht!

Es war einmal ein Weiser, welcher behauptete, daß es kein besseres Gut gebe, als eine gesun'de Vernunft' in einem gesun'den Körper.

Ei'nige behaupten, daß es Ein', wohner im Monde gebe. Sect. 43. Es ist kein Mensch un'glücklicher, als jener, der nie Wi'derwärtig. keiten erbul'dete.

Es giebt wenig Helden, die ihren Character bis in ihr Alter be haup'ten.

Es ist nichts lo’benswerther, als andere dasjenige zu lehren, was man weiß.

Rüđzug, m. return; Schneien, to snow;

Stürmen, to storm;

come day;
Thauen, to thaw;
Verge'ben, to forgive;
Wahr, true;
Wolf, m. wolf;
Zuflucht, f. refuge.

There will always be people, who exalt themselves against the clearest truths; how many of those are there [not] at the present day!

There was once a sage, who maintained, that there was no better possession, than a sound understanding in a sound body.

Tyrannen; he opposes (himself to) the command of the tyrant. Das Buch hat sich gefunden; the book has been found; (active form, the book has made its appearance.) Der Himmel bedeft fich mit Wolken; the sky is covered with clouds. Soll der Frevel sich vor unsern Augen vollenden? shall the outrage be accomplished before our eyes? Er hällt sich in Berlin auf; he (holds himself up) stops in Berlin. Er hat sich bei der Arbeit zu lange aufgehalten; he has (kept himself) remained too long at the work. (See paradigm, page 386, and § 86).

Aufhalten, when followed by fich über," signifies to find fault with, to sneer at, to criticise, to blame. Ex.: Er hält sich immer über Kleinigkeiten auf; he is always finding fault about trifles (stopping over trifles.) Er hält sich über ihren Brief auf; he criticises your letter. Er hält sich über die ganze Gesellschaft auf; he sneers at the whole company.

[merged small][ocr errors]

1. Es giebt dieses Jahr sehr viel Obst. 2. Es ist heute sehr schönes Wetter. 3. Es giebt mehr arme, als reiche Leute. 4. Es ist ein wahres Vergnügen, diesen Morgen spazieren zu gehen. 5. Giebt es in Deutschland auch reißende Thiere? 6. Es giebt noch viele Wölfe in den Gebirgen. 7. Es ist die feindliche Armee auf ihrem Rückzuge. 8. Giebt es etwas Schöneres, als den Aufgang der Sonne? 9. Es hat den ganzen Tag geschneit. 10. Gehen Sie diesen Nachmittag mit mir auf's Gis. 11. Nein, es thauet schon, und das Eis kann leicht einbrechen. 12. Wenn es taget, werde ich Sie zu einem Spaziergang abholen. 13. Es schneit heute den ganzen Tag. 14. Regnet es schon? 15 Nein, aber es wird bald anfangen zu regnen. 16. Wie lange hat es geregnet? 17. Es hat bis rier Uhr geregnet. 18. Donnert es? 19. Ja, es donnert und blißt, und ich fürchte, daß es auch hageln wird. 20. Wo waren Sie. während es schneite? 21. Ich suchte in der Capelle des St. Georg Zuflucht, denn es schneite nicht nur, sondern es stürmte und hagelte auch. 22. Ich sage Ihnen nur dasjenige, was (Sect. 22. I.) ich gehört habe.

2

1. It seemed this morning as if it would rain, but now the weather begins to be fine. 2. It happened that it rained, just as the battle commenced, and thundered and hailed throughout the whole day. 3. It has rained, hailed, snowed and frozen this winter. 4. As long as it rains I cannot depart. 5. It appears that there are many strangers in this hotel. 6. There are (exist) many things which we cannot explain. 7. As soon as it becomes day, I shall call upon you to go and see the rising of the 8. Exists there anything more noble than to forgive an enemy? 9. Do you intend to go to-morrow with ine upon the ice? 10. No. I fear, that it thaws already, and it would not be

[ocr errors]

EXERCISE 42. Gewölbe, n. arch, vault; priate; Gläubig, believing; Atmosphä're, f. at- Intem', in that, while; mosphere; Karl, m. Charles; Auf'halten, to sojourn, lodge; Aus'behnen, to extend, expand; Auszeichnen, to mark, to distinguish (one's self); Bedürfniß, n. want,

necessity; Beloh'nen, to reward; Beständig, continual

ly; Bewegen to move; Dampf,

m. steam, vapour;

Kraft, f. force, power;
Kühn, daring;
Lagern, to encamp;
Lei'denschaftlich,

pas

sionately; Mee'reswoge, f. oceanbillow;

München, n. Munich;
Muskel, m. muscle;
Natur', f. nature;
Nebel, m. mist, fog;
Nennen, to name, to
call, to denomi-
nate;
Dft, often ;

an;

Darben, to suffer, Deft'reichisch, Austriwant; Dunst, m. exhalation; Palaft', m. palace; Empö'ren, to rebel, to Prachtvoll, splendid, make insurrecgorgeous; tion; Raum, m. room, Entstehen, to proceed; space; Gegen, against; Regen, m. rain; Gewöhnen, to ac- Regierung, f. government;

custom;

Gewohnheit, f. habit, Reihe, f. row, range;

custom;

Der Kaiser hielt sich legten Winter in der Hauptstadt auf.

Der Spötter hält sich über Andere

auf.

Das Volk empört sich gegen den König.

[blocks in formation]

contract, to draw together.

The emperor remained in the capital last winter.

The derider sneers (finds fault with) at others.

The people rebel (rise) against
the king.

Die Füchse graben Höhlen.
The foxes dig themselves holes
Der tap'fere Soldat erwirbt sich The valiant soldier acquires
Ruhm und Ehre.

fame and honour.

Der Gei'zige erfreut sich nicht, ob. The avaricious (man) does not
gleich' er sehr reich ist.
enjoy himself, although he is
very rich.

Er fist und hört dem Rauschen der He sits and listens to the roaring
Gewässer zu.
of the waters.

Pflicht, f. duty, obli- Seite, f. page; Vermögen, n. wealth;
Sonntag, m. Sunday; Widmer, to devote;
Un'gehorsam, disobe- Wirklich, really;
dient;
Wis'senschaft, f. science;

gation;
Rathen, to counsel;
Scheinen, to appear;
Scherzhaft, facetious, Vermehren, to in- Buschens, visibly.
sportive;

crease;

s trifft sich zuweilen, daß unter
einem unscheinbaren Kleide die
schönsten Talen'te verborgen sind.

Es trägt sich häufig zu, daß die
Männer, die sich um das Va'ter,
Land am meisten verdient' ge
macht haben, hei'mathlos umher'
irren.

Meinem Neffen ist ein großes Un
glück geschehen.

Er erzählte mir dieses, als er mir
heute von un'gefähr auf der

Straße begegnete

It sometimes happens, that under an unsightly garb the most splendid talents are concealed.

It often happens, that the men
who have rendered them-
selves the most serviceable
to their (the) native country
wander about homeless.

Agreat misfortune has occurred
to my nephew.
He related this to me as he ac-
cidentally met me to-day in
the street.

1. Alle Dünste und Dämpfe, welche beständig von der Erde aufsteigen, sammeln sich in der Atmosphäre, und indem sie sich verbinden, entsteht daraus Regen, Schnee, Nebel, Wind und jede andere Veränderung der Luft. 2. Derjenige, der sich in der Jugend an Arbeit gewöhnt, braucht im Alter nicht zu darben. 3. Die Ludwigstraße in München zeichnet sich durch eine Reihe prachtvoller Paläste aus. 4. Diejenigen Personen, welche sich selbst Loben, machen sich sehr oft lächerlich. 5. Die Söhne Karls des Großen mußten sich in den Waffen, im Reiten und im Schwimmen üben. 6. Der kühne Taucher wagt es, (Sect. 36. IV.) sich in den tobenden Strudel zu stürzen. 7. Der Neidische schadet sich selbst mehr, als andern. 8. Friedrich der Große hielt sich oft zu Potsdam, im Schlosse Sanssouci, auf. 9. Das Gute belohnt sich selbst. 10. Der Gläubige zeigt sich im Ungemach wie ein Fels in Meere, wenn die Meereswogen um ihn toben. 11. Das Große blaue Gewölbe, welches wir Himmel nennen, in ein uner- 1. Es frägt fich, ob wir morgen schönes Wetter haben werden. 2. G meßlicher Raum, in welchem die Erde, die Sonne, der Mond und unzählige | gehört sich, den Sonntag zu heiligen. 3. Es schickt sich, ältere Leute zu Sterne sich bewegen. 12. Die Kraft, mit welcher die Muskeln sich zu achten. 4. Man arbeitet viel froher, wenn man das Bewußtsein hat, etwas sammenziehen und ausdehnen, ist sehr groß. 13. Viele Menschen eignen Gutes zu thun. 5. Es schickt sich nicht, die Einladung abzuschlagen. 6. sich üble Gewohnheiten so leidenschaftlich an, daß fie dieselben für Bedurfniße Der wirklich kluge Mann wird, so viel (Sect. 35. IV.) es ihm möglich ist, der Natur halten. 14. Ein Kind an der Hand seiner guten Eltern fürchtet | sich bemühen, sich in die Zeit zu schicken. 7. Es macht große Freude, das sich nicht,—so der Mensch, der Vertrauen zu Gott hat. 15. Die Armee zog sich zusammen, und bewegte sich dem Flusse zu. 16. Der Feind lagerte sich um die Stadt. 17. Er zeichnete sich von den andern durch sein tapferes Betragen aus. 18. Er fürchtete sich vor Niemanden. 19. Er hält sich über die Worte meines Nachbarn auf.

1. The youth mourns at the loss of his parents. 2. Mother was pleased, when the letter from my sister was read to her. 3. She consoled herself with the thought, that she would arrive soon. 4. Will you sojourn long in Italy? No, it is not my intention. 5. An honest man fears nothing. 6. The Slavonians have rebelled against the Austrian government. 7. The English troops distinguished themselves at the battle of Waterloo by their bravery. 8. He who rejoices at the downfall of another deserves not the approbation of the virtuous. 9. He who mourns when another in his presence is praised, is a man who does not deserve to be loved and honoured. 10. He who rejoices when his neighbour is loved is a good natured man.

SECTION XXXIX.

Many verbs in German, as in other languages, especially when used as reflexives, acquire in certain phrases a figurative sense which deserves to be noted. Thus from schicken, to send, we have the reflexive sich schicken, to send or throw one's self into, i. e. to adapt or conform to. Ex.: Der Mensch muß sich in die Zeit, in seine Umstände schicken; man must adapt himself to the times, to his circumstances. Es schickt sich nicht, das zu thun; it is not proper to do that. So from fragen, to ask, we have, fich fragen, to be questionable. Ex.: Gs frägt sich, ob er da war; it is questionable whether he was there. Sich zutragen, fich hanteln, &c., are of the same character; as, Cs trägt sich zuweilen zu, das anhaltender Regen die ganze Ernte verdirbt; it happens sometimes, that continued rain destroys the entire harvest. handelt sich nicht um Kleinigkeiten; it is not a question (an affair) of trifles. (See also § 86. 6.)

EXERCISE 43.

[ocr errors]
[blocks in formation]

Gute zu fördern. 8. Es schickt sich, daß ein jeder Fremdling die guten, aber nicht die üblen Sitten eines Volkes annimmt. 9. Das Vermögen dieses Mannes vermehrt sich zusehends (§ 101.). 10. Es schickt sich nicht für Kinder ungehorsam zu sein. 11. Es frägt sich, ob dieser Mann seine Pflicht gethan hat. 12. Es trägt sich zuweilen zu, daß die Betrachtungen bei einer scherzhaften Begebenheit sehr ernsthaft sind. 13. Es trägt sich häufig zu, daß kleine Veranlassungen große Ereignisse herbeiführen. 14. Wer ist (8 71 1.) Ihnen heute Morgen begegnet? 15. Mein Freund, der Capitän, ist mir begegnet. 16. Ist Ihm auf der lezten Reise nichts unangenehmes begegnet? 17. Ja, es ist ihm ein großes Unglück begegnet18. Was ist Ihnen geschehen? 19. Es ist mir nichts geschehen 20. C geschieht ihm diese Strafe recht.

1. It is proper that the children should respect their parents. 2. It becomes not a wise man to follow the multitude. 3. Most young people wish to appear great in the world. 4 You should under all circumstances say the truth. 5. It is questionable, whether we shall accept your invitation. 6. It is questionable, whether you are right or wrong. 7. It happens sometimes that the best man fails. 8. The government asks obedience from its subjects. 9. The inhabitants of London increase enormously every year. 10. My brother devoted himself more to science than to pleasure. 11. Do you know to what extent your friend has counselled you? 12. He has counselled you to do that of which he spoke yesterday.

LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-No. XXII.
By JOHN R. Beard, D.D.
SUFFIXES (continued).

omnibus affords an instance; derived from the Latin "omnibus,"
WORDS have been curiously formed by abbreviation; the word
and so signifying for all; that is, every man's carriage, the word
has been shortened into bus, and so it is now generally termed in
common parlance. Mob appears to have been formed in the same
way. What is now called the mob used to be called the rabble.
But as the rabble are mobile vulgus, a fickle crew, so were they
called mobile vulgus, and by contraction, mob. Still mob and
rabble are not identical. Rabble is the general term, the class,
and mob is a collection of persons belonging to that class. Palsy
is a contracted form of the now more fashionable paralysis. Be-
tween alms and eleemosynary there would seem to be no connexion;
both, however, come from the same Greek term, and the former is
only a shortened form of the root from which the latter is derived.
Well do we remember kickshaws, a term of our youthful days,

« НазадПродовжити »