1. Es schmerzt mich, so viele Menschen unglücklich zu sehen. 2. Die Wunde schmezt ihn mit jerem Tage mehr. 3. Es schmerzt nichts mehr, als von Leuten verkannt zu sein, deren Liebe und Achtung man sich gern erwerben möchte. 4. Es thut mir leid, ihn beleidigt zu haben. 5. Schei. ven und Meiren thut weh, sagt ein altes deutsches Volkslied. 6. Mein Kopf thut mir weh. 7. Es thut mir in der Seele weh, ihm nicht helfen zu können. 8. Was fehlt, mein Freund, warum so traurig? 9. Es fehlt mir weiter nichts, als daß ich ein wenig verstimmt bin. 10. Sind Sie frank? 11. Ja, ich bin ein wenig unwohl. 12. Was fehlt Ihnen. 13. Ich habe Kopfwch. 14. Sie find reich und angesehen, und doch sind Sie nietergeschlagen, was fehlt Ihnen? 15. Es fehlt mir viel, Zufrie. denheit und Seelenruhe." 16. All (Sect. 41. VI.) meine Freunte, die versprochen hatten zu kommen, waren da, nur Einer fehlte. 17. Alle Menschen fehlen 18. Mein Bruder ist abermals fehl gegangen; statt in mein Haus, ist er in das meines Nachbars gekommen. 19. Seine Worte gercuten ihn, und er versprach dieselben nie wieder sagen zu wollen. 20. Als dieses vorfiel, war ich nicht zu Hause. 21. Dieser Streit fiel in der Nahe meiner Wohnung vor. 22. Ich habe dem bereits - Gesagten nur noch wenig hinzuzufügen. 23. Diesem Geschenke fügte sie ein kleines Briefchen Hinzu. 24 Er fügte mir vorsäglich dieses Leid zu; deßhalb kaun ich ihm nicht verzeihen. Erkenntniß, f. know- Fort, away (Sect. 83. EXERCISE 80. Heimath, f. home, na- Seitdem, (See I.); tive place; Stürmisch, stormy; starve; Hungern, to hunger, Umhängen, to hang rönen, to crown; gence; Fort'eilen, to hasten Post'wagen, m. stage away; Frembe, f. foreign country, abroad; Gefäll'igft, (See II.); Geschwindigkeit, f. ce lerity, swiftness; coach; dize; Schwelgen, to revel, carouse Die Deutschen können erft über Lie neglect, lose; Um'werfen, to throw about; Vortheil, advantage; The Germans can now (for the He is clothed with the garment 1. Seitdem ich hier angekommen bin, hat sich schon Manches ereignet 2. Seitdem er diese That begangen hat, scheint aller Friere von ihm ge. wichen zu sein. 3. Seitdem er fort ist, habe ich keine recht frche Stunde mehr. 4. Seit dieser Zeit hat man nichts wieder von ihm gehört. 5. Seit meinem zehnten Jahre habe ich das elterliche Haus verlassen. 6. Seit gestern befinde ich mich nicht garz wohl. 7. Seit dem Lote seiner Eltern irrt er ohne Heimath in der Fremde umher. 8. Seitdem er zur Erkenntniß seiner selbst gekommen ist, ist er ein ganz anderer Mensch geworden. 9. Er zog sich in aller Geschwindigkeit an. 10. In der Eile vergaß er seine Stiefeln anzuziehen, und eilte in den Pantoffeln ført. 11. Seine Kleiter find ganz durchnäßt, deshalb mußte er sich anders anziehen. 12. Er septe diesen Morgen seinen Hut nicht auf, sondern seine Müge. 13. Der Diener 1. It pains a father to hear of the wickedness of his son.hängte ihm nicht, wie gewöhnlich, seinen Mantel um, sondern er warf ibn 2. Nothing pains more than to be accused innocently. 3. It pains me, that so many persons have been found killed by the last storm. 4. I am sorry that you did not find me at home. 5. The wound which the soldier received in the contest pains him. 6. What ails you, my friend? 7. Oh, nothing particularly. 8. You look very ill, what is the matter with you? 9. I am not well, I have hurt myself. 10. He has fallen out of the window. 11. This boy lacks understanding. 12 You have been offended by me; I am sorry, for I esteem you much. 13. You dare not lack courage, to encounter the contest with your enemy. 14. I lack patience to await the event of this matter. SECTION LXXVII. Damit (therewith) is often to be rendered by "in order to, in order that, to that, &c." Ex.: Ich muß eilen, damit ich nicht zu frat anfemme; I must hasten, in order not to arrive too late. Ich wollte bitten, daß Sie das thäten, damit ich es nicht thun müßte; (Gellert.) I would beg you to do that, in order that I might not be obliged to do it. I. Seitdem since, since then, since the or that time. Ex.: Seitdem sie in Deutschland war, spricht sie nichts als Deutsch; since she was in Germany, she speaks nothing but German. Seitdem ist er glücklich; since then (or that time) he is happy. 11. Gefälligit, an adverb in the superlative degree from the adjective gefällig, pleasing, agreeable, answers to our phrase, felber um. 14. Vergessen sie nicht, Ihren Mantel umzuwerfen, os ift sehr kalt und stürmisch. 15. Hängen Sie mir gefälligst meinen Mantel um und seßen Sie mir meinen Hut auf, denn ich habe schon meine viden Pelzhandschuhe angezogen. 16. Er stieg auf den höchsten Baum, damit er den König sehen könne. 17. Er war sehr eilend, damit er den Poftwagen nicht verfäumen möchte. 18. Er erzählte mir dieses, damit ich mit ein Beispiel daran nehmen möchte. 19. Der Schüler entschuldigte sich damit baß er keine Zeit gehabt hätte, seine Aufgabe zu lernen. 29. Su green Staaten müssen Hunderte hungern, damit Einer prasse und schwelge: Zehntausende werden gedrückt und in den Tod gejagt, damit ein gekrönter Thor oter Weiser seine Phantasie ausführe. Since yesterday I have felt myself not quite well. 3. Since he 1. Will you please to give me a cup of coffee or tea? 2 quitted his parental house we have not heard anything of him. 4. Since the twelfth year of my age, I have not visited my native land. 5. Since he received the intelligence, he has had no peace 6. In order that my friend may not come in vain, I arrived from Germany. 8. Instead of putting on his boots he shall stop at home. 7. I have not seen my friend, since he went out in his slippers. 9. Tell your friend, if you please, he may visit us at any time. 10. Why does he not take advantage LESSONS IN ENGLISH. of his youth, in order to acquire the knowledge he wants? 11. How have you been since I saw you last? 12. Finish your exercise if you have not yet finished it, then you will not be punished by your master. SECTION LXXVIII. Ex.: Lich, beloved, dear, agreeable, may, when applied to persons, be rendered (like gern with haben Sect. 44. I.) "dear," "dear" to me. Applied to Ich habe ihn sehr lieb; he is very things, lieb with sein, signifies to be agreeable, to please, &c.; as Dieses kleine Geschenk ist mir lich; this little present pleases (is pleasing) me. Es ist mir lieb, daß Sie damit zufrieden sin; I am glad (it is pleasing) that you are satisfied with it. I. Bose auf (literally, bad upon) and böse über (bad over or towards) signify ill-disposed; the former being applied chiefly to persons, the latter to things. Ex.: Warum sind Sie böse auf in? Why are you angry at him ? Er ist böse über mein Lachen; he is angry at my laughing. II. Kennen lernen (kennen, Sect 26. III.) signifies to become acquainted with. Wollen Sie ihn kennen lernen? Do you wish to become acquainted with him? Ich habe ihu schon kennen gelernt; I have already become acquainted with him. EXERCISE 81. meet Einführen, to usnerin, introduce, import; result; Erfolg', m. Gelingen, succeed; Geses, n. law; Mittheileu, to impart, communicate, be stow, give; Wollen Sie mich in diese Gesellschaft Will you introduce me to this einführen? tory; Bejänftigen, to pacify; Eigensinnig, stubborn, wilful: Ich will Sie meinen Bekannten vorstellen. Ich will Sie mit meinen Freunten bekannt machen. Mein Better stellte den Kaiser vor. Sein Bruder stellte mir vor, daß e8 unrecht sei. Es ist ihm sehr lieb, daß Sie wegen Ueber was sind Sie so böse? company? nate. I will introduce you to my ac- I will make you acquainted He is very glad that you are At what are you angry? 13. I have become acquainted with Mr. K. (during) the past year. 1. Es ist mir lich, daß ich Sie hier antreffe, ich habe Ihnen Wichtiges mitzutheilen. 2. Es ist mir lieb, Sie so wohl zu sehen. 3. Es wäre mir lich, Sie bald wieder zu sehen. 4 Er ist böse über das Betragen seines Neffen. 5. Er ist böse über das Ausbleiben seines Sohues. 6. Sie ist böse über sich selbst. 7. Der Freund war böse auf mich, aber ich habe ihn wieter besänftigt. 8. Die Mutter ist böse auf ihr eigensinniges Kind. 9. Ich bin böse auf ihn, weil er mich beleidigt hat. 10. Kennen Sie Herrn N.? 11. Ja, ich habe ihn lezte Woche in dem Hause Ihrer Frau Tante kennen gelernt. 12. Ich lerne ihn mit jetem Tage mehr kennen. Man lernt Jedermann cher kennen, als wie sich selbst. 14. Wo sind Sie 15. Wir kennen uns von Jugend mit diesem Herrn bekannt geworden? auf, und lernen uns mit jedem Tage mehr kennen. 16. Kennen Sie Fräu18. lein B.? 17. Nein, aber ich hoffe noch mit ihr bekannt zu werden. 19. Dieser Mann wird durch seine trefflichen Werke bald bekannt werden. 20. Er wurde der Gesellschaft Here N. stellte mich dieser Familie vor. durch seinen Bruder vorgestellt. 21. Das Neusere dieses Mannes stellt 23. Durch nichts ver. 22. Dieser Schauspieler stellte Karl XII. ver. wen wurden Sie eingeführt? 24. 3th vertante (Sect. 44. VI.) tiefe 24. Der Freund führte mich Ehre der Nichte des reichen Kaufmannes. in die Gesellschaft ein. 26. Der Franzose führte diese neue More ein. 27. Der Schmuggler führte verbotene Waaren ein. 28. Die Regierung führt neue Geseye ein. 29 Ce suchte ihm die Unmöglichkeit eines glück, Erjolges vorzustellen. 1. It would be very agreeable to me if you could leave me to myself. 2. It was very satisfactory to me to see my brother 3. I am very glad to hear that your undertaking has well. succeeded. 5. He is angry at the conduct of his brother. 6. My brother introduced me to Mr. G. 7. Has your sister already become acquainted with my brother? 8. Yes, she decame acquainted with him at the last concert. 9. Do you know why your brother is so angry? 10. He is angry at me because I laughed at him. 11. The actor personated Henry IV. 12. That government has introduced good laws. very well. 13. This fashion has been introduced by the French. 14. The import of wine from France is very great. LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-No. XXXVII. By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. LATIN STEMS. I may now give an instance or two of curious etymologies. Husband is said to be house-band, the band and bond of the house This view is indicated in the couplet "The name of the husband what is it to say? Of wife, and the household, the band and the stay." Post Tariff, a fixed scale of duties levied on imports, comes, it would seem, from Tarifa, the Moorish name of a fortress standing on a promontory, on which, as it commanded the entrance of the Mediterranean, a custom-house was erected. A saunterer is one who whiled away his time in La Sainte Terre, the Holy Land, after the first enthusiasm of the crusades had gone off, and pilgrimages became a sort of religious fashion for the idlers of the day. is one who through fear has cut off his thumb rather than go to A poltroon, from the Latin, pollice truncus, deprived of his thumb, war: such mutilations are still not unknown. From poltroom, in French poltron, some derive to palter and paltry. The word post coming from the Latin, positus, placed, may signify a stock placed may well claim a place among etymological curiosities. in the ground, a post; or such a stock (or something like a post), with a hole in it to receive letters; hence, a post or post-office: it may also be applied to a military station, because a person or persons are posted, that is, placed at the particular spot to keep and defend it. Hence it is easy to see how the epithet may be applied to horses or carriages, as post-horses, post-chaise, and posting-house, because at that house horses and carriages were And as persons travelling from posting-house to placed for hire. posting-house would naturally, as being away from home, and intent on some business, probably business of an urgent nature, make all possible speed, so to post and to travel post-haste, came to signify rapid travelling. And thus a post, a wholly stationary and immoveable thing, eare by natural deviation and easy steps laying down of railways. to represent the utmost speed in travelling known before the If we fix our eye on the etymology of words we shall in some cases become aware of marked incongruities. What for instance shall we say of calling a weekly newspaper a Journal (jour, F. a day)? Nay, here is lying before me a Journal of Sacred Literature which one who works under a master, though to appearance he is a makes its appearance every three months. So a journeyman is day-labourer. To adjourn, is properly to hold meetings from day to day, whereas now it signifies to break up an assembly, or to fix some time in the future for coming together again. A "An adjournment is no more than a continuance of the session from one day to another, as the word itself signifies."-Blackstone. False spelling has been the parent of false etymology. country-dance is not a dance in the country, but a contre danse, a of couples; the French term contre signifying opposite. Shamedance where each one stands opposite to his partner in the long line facedness and shamefaced, have properly nothing to do with the face or countenance, but are misspellings under a false notion for shamefastness and shamefast, like steadfast and steadfastness. of hurrying away the canes of the sugar plantations in the West, Hurricane is, in origin, whatever it may be in fact, totally innocent Indies, and comes to a from our Gallic neighbours, who, borrowing an oriental term uracan, to describe an oriental storm or tornado, designate it ouragan. The alligator, or crocodile of the New World, was very appropriately designated by the Spaniards who first saw it, el largato, that is, the lizard, the lizard, the largest lizard, the type of the lizard species. In time the article el, the, blended with the noun and formed alligator. We have a similar combination in Eldorado, the gold country. In Ben Jonson, who writes aligarta, we see the word in the process of its transformation. For this word, Dr. Johnson could find no etymology, and Sir T. Herbert made it to be a compound of German and Spanish. vacation, vacaney, evacuate, vacuum rad, vade, vas wade, invade, invasion vag, vagr val, vail vast, waste vehi, vey veho, I carry venio, I come ven vent vagabond, vagrant convene, contravene revert, convert, divert vestment, invest veteran, inveterate tentus, held tent tenuis, thin tenu tepeo, I am warm tep, tepe terr, ter testis, a witness test textus, woven text tollo, Ilift up tol tortus, twisted tort unguent unction umbrageous, umbrella vivid, survive victuals vocative, invoke, revoke revolve, devolve revolution, involution voracious, carnivorous life, naturally led to the discontinuance of burning dead bodies, and to their being inhumed or interred, put into the earth, there to await their resurrection or rising again. Umbrella, from umbra a shade, is etymologically a little shade. Umbrella is a mediæval word used to represent a Greek word (skiadion) of the same import. Umbrellas are of Eastern origin. In Constantinople, under the Greek empire, they were used for the same purpose as our ladies now use parasols, namely, to shade the head and face from the heat of the sun. Such a protection was less needful in our cold moist climate, and doubtless the rough and sturdy manners of our old English forefathers were averse to a foreign fashion, and so (to them) effeminate. The use of the umbrella in the shape of a parasol found a home in France, and was made prevalent in this country probably by Catherine of Braganza, though it was known here before her time, as may appear from the following quotations : "I saw in the court of Spain once "Are you at ease now, is your heart at rest, Beaumont and Fletcher, The latter passage makes it very clear that the umbrella at the time it was written was intended not as now to keep off the rain, but to cover the face from the sun. But what are we to say of the description in the former quotation, in which it clearly appears that the umbrella was "flat" when "spread?" The explanation is offered in the fact that the first kind of parasols were a large fan. I cite a few words from Miss Strickland's "Queens of England" (vol. 8, p. 355). "The courtly belles used the gigantic green shading-fans which had been introduced by the Queen (Catherine) and her Portuguese ladies, to shield their complexion from the sun, when they did not wish wholly to obscure their charms by putting on their masks. Both the mask and the fan, or umbrella, were in general use in this reign. The green shading-fan is of Moorish origin; and far more than a century after the marriage of Catharine of Braganza, was considered an indispensable luxury by our fair and stately ancestral dames, who used them in open car riages, in the promenade, and at prayers, when they ostentatiously screened their devotions from public view, by spreading them before their faces when they knelt. The India trade, opened by Catherine's marriage treaty, soon supplied the ladies of England with fans better adapted, by their lightness and elegance, to be used as weapons of coquetry at balls and plays. Addison has devoted. several papers in the Spectator' to playful satire on these toys, from whence the now general terms of flirt and flirtation have been derived." Undoubtedly the practice of flirtation grew and prevailed in and before the days of Addison; but as to the origin of the word flirt Miss Strickland is in error. Derived from to fleer, flirt or furt, signifying a light and silly tossing, is of Saxon origin, and may be found in some of our earliest writers. This flirting of the fan is termed by Addison, flutter. The piece in which he describes this flutter is in his best style for quiet satire, and I shall therefore transcribe it as your lesson in composition, requesting you to send to some friend an account both of the ensuing and of my observations on the umbrella, the parasol, and the fan. COMPOSITION. MR. SPECTATOR.-Women are armed with fans, as men with swords, and sometimes do more execution with them. To the end therefore that ladies may be entire mistresses of the weapons which they bear, I have erected an academy for the training up of young women in "the exercise of the fan," according to the most fashionable airs and motions that are now practised at court. The ladies who "carry" fans under me, are drawn up twice a-day in my great hall, where they are instructed in the use of their arms, and exercised by the following words of command: Handle your fans. Unfurl your fans. Discharge your fans Ground your fans Recover your fans. Flutter your fans. Inter and disinter may be compared with inhumation and exhumation. The four words are made up of Latin elements, but they are not pure Latin words. To inhume (inhumo) or to put in the ground, is good Latin, and the Romans practised inhumation; indeed for a corpse to remain uncovered with earth was accounted a great calamity among them. But the practice of burial to which these four words point, owes its origin and prevalence to the Christian church, from the usages of which the words themselves are derived. The doctrine of the resurrection of the body made By the right observation of these few plain words of command, an article of the Christian's creed, and entering into his heart and woman of tolerable genius, who will apply herself diligently to ber exercise for the space of but one half-year, shall be able to give her fan all the graces that can possibly enter into that little modish machine. But to the end that my readers may form to themselves a right notion of this exercise, I beg leave to explain it to them in all its parts. When my female regiment is drawn up in array, with every one her weapon in her hand, upon my giving the word "to handle their fans," each of them shakes her fan at me with a smile, then gives her right hand woman a tap upon the shoulder, then presses her lips with the extremity of her fan, then lets her arms fall in an easy motion, and stands in a readiness to receive the next word of command. All this is done with a close fan, and is generally learned in the first week. The next motion is that of "unfurling the fan," in which are comprehended several little flirts and vibrations, as also gradual and deliberate openings, with many voluntary fallings asunder in the fan itself, that are seldom learned under a month's practice. This part of the exercise pleases the spectators more than any other, as it discovers on a sudden an infinite number of cupids, garlands, altars, birds, beasts, rainbows, and the like agreeable figures, that display themselves to view, whilst every one in the regiment holds a picture in her hand. Upon my giving the word to "discharge their fans," they give one general crack that may be heard at a considerable distance when the wind sets fair. This is one of the most difficult parts of the exercise; but I have several ladies with me, who at their first entrance could not give a pop loud enough to be heard at the farther end of the room, who can now "discharge a fan" in such a manner that it shall make a report like a pocket-pistol. I have likewise taken care, in order to hinder young women from letting off their fans in wrong places or unsuitable occasions, to show upon what subject the crack of a fan may come in properly: I have likewise invented a fan with which a girl of sixteen, by the help of a little wind which is inclosed about one of the largest sticks, can make as loud a crack as a woman of fifty, with an ordinary fan. When the fans are thus "discharged" the word of command in course is to " ground their fans." This teaches a lady to quit her fan gracefully when she throws it aside in order take up a pack of cards, adjust a curl of hair, replace a fallen pin, or apply herself to any other matter of importance. This part of the exercise, as it only consists in tossing a fan with an air upon a long table (which stands by for that purpose) may be learned in two days' time as well as in a twelvemonth. When my female regiment is thus disarmed, I generally let them walk about the room for some time; when on a sudden, like ladies that look upon their watches after a long visit, they all of them hasten to their arms, catch them up in a hurry, and place themselves in their proper stations upon my calling out-"recover your fans!" This part of the exercise is not difficult, provided a woman applies her thoughts to it. The "fluttering of the fan" is the last, and indeed the masterpiece of the whole exercise; but if a lady does not mis-spend her time, she may make herself mistress of it in three months. I generally lay aside the dog-days and the hot time of the summer for the teaching this part of the exercise, for as soon as ever I pronounce-"flutter your fans," the place is filled with so many zephyrs and gentle breezes as are very refreshing in that season of the year, though they might be dangerous to ladies of a tender constitution in any other. There is an infinite variety of motions to be made use of in the "flutter of a fan:" there is the angry flutter, the modish flutter, the timorous flutter, the confused flutter, the merry flutter, and the amorous flutter. Not to be tedious, there is scarce any emotion in the mind which dose not produce a suitable agitation in the fan; insomuch that if I only see the fan of a disciplined lady, I know very well whether she laughs, frowns, or blushes. I have seen a fan so very angry, that it would have been dangerous for the absent lover who provoked it to have come within the wind of it; and at other times so very languishing, that I have been glad, for the lady's sake, the lover was at a sufficient distance from it. I need not add that a fan is either a prude or a coquette, according to the name of the person who bears it. To conclude my letter, must acquaint you that I have from my own observations compiled a little treatise for the use of my scholars, intitled "the Passions of the Fan;" which I will communicate to you, if you think it may be of use to the public. I shall have a general review on Thursday next; to which you shall be very welcome, if you will honour it with your presence. I am, &c. P.S. I teach young gentlemen the whole art of gallanting a fan. (3.) The comparative is the adjective expressing a comparison between two of several objects. There is, then, between the objects compared, a relation of equality, superiority, or inferiority. (4.) The comparison of equality expresses a quality in the same degree, in the objects compared; it is formed by placing aussi, as, or autant, as much, before the adjective, and the conjunction que, as, after it :— L'Allemagne est aussi peuplée que | Germany is as populous as France. la France. VOLTAIRE. A leur tête est le chien, superbe At their head stands the dog, as autant qu'utile. noble as useful. DELILLE. (6.) The comparison of inferiority expresses a quality in a lower degree in one object than in another; it is formed by placing moins, less, before the adjective, and que, than, after it :— Le naufrage et la mort sont moins | Shipwreck and death are less fatal funestes que les plaisirs qui atta- than those pleasures which attack quent la vertu. FENELON. virtue. (7.) We have only three adjectives which are comparative of themselves: meilleur, bettert; moindre, less; pire, worse. Meilleur, instead of plus bon, which is never used in the sense of better: Il n'est meilleur ami ni parent que | We have no better friend, no better soi-même. LA FONTAINE. relation than ourselves. N.B. I have several little plain fans made for this use, to avoid He reads less (a smaller a:nount) | Il lit moins que sou frère. expense. than his brother, Un bienfait reçu est la plus sacrés | 4 benefit received is the most sacred tiers, MME. NECKER. uneasy, bad, follow the general (mauvaise rule and make in niaise the feminine rase douce fausse make in the femi- préfixe nine rousse tierce. (5.) Adjectives ending in eur, as also some substantives of La probité reconnue est le plus sûr Acknowledged probity is the most the same termination, have three several modes of forming the feminine:secure of all oaths. de tous les serments. (THE SAME.) 1st. Those which are derived from the participle present of a French verb by dropping ant, and substituting eur, change the final (r) into se, as : (7.) The following adjectives having two forms for the mascu line, form their feminine as follows: Mas. Fem. EL EN Adjectives ET ending in ON ELLE, tel, telle, such pareille, like mou, mul, ancienne, ancient vieil, SE, heureux, heureuse, happy : (8.) The following adjectives form their feminine irregu larly: |