Licet, it is lawful, permitted; licuit, or licitum est, licere. Decet, it becomes, it is seemly; decuit, decere. Dedecet, it is unseemly, improper; dedecuit, dedecēre. The person who is the subject of the feeling, or liable to the duty, is put in the accusative case; as, te oportet in litteras in cumbere, you ought to apply to literature, or to study. Besides an accusative of the person, these verbs, in general, may have a genitive of the thing, e, g., miseret me tuae calamitatis, I am sorry for thy calamity. We may exhibit their construction, thus: Pudet me ignaviae, I am ashamed of idleness. Pudet te ignaviae, thou art ashamed of idleness. Pudet nos ignaviae, we ashamed of idleness. Pudet Vos ignaviae, ye ashamed of idleness. Pudet illos ignaviae, they ashamed of idleness, are are are Pudet illum ignaviae, he is ashamed of idleness, Oportet, however, has for its subject two accusatives, thus: oportet te hoc facere, you ought to do this. Libet and licet require a dative of the person, e. g,, libet mihi, I am allowed; licet vobis, you are allowed. Of licet, there is the imperative form liceto; otherwise, the subjunctive present is used for the imperative, e. g., pudeat te, shame upon thee. For the most part, these verbs are without participles. Yet we find the following:-Decens, libens, licens, poenitens, liciturus, puditurus, and pigendus, pudendus, poenitendus; also, the gerunds, poenitendi, pudendo, and pigendum. There is another class of Personal Verbs used as Impersonal, Interest, and refert, it concerns. Accidit, evěnit, contingit, it happens. Conducit, it is conducive to, advantageous, Expedit, prodest, it is useful. Convěnit, it is suitable. Nocet, it is injurious. sermonis tui; quid nostrâ refert victum esse Antouium? ubi jam vesperaverat; mea mater, tui me miseret, mei piget; praeceptoris multum interest discipulos summo studio in litteras incumbere; magnopere meâ interest ut te videam; ut subito, ut propere, ut valide tonuit! non ante demetuntur fructus quam gelaverit; lacte pluit; omnium magní interest feliciter vivere; in nostris commentariis scriptum habemus, Jove tonante, et fulgurante, comitia populi habere nefas; sagittis, plumbo et saxis grandinat; pluet credo hódie; totum illud spatium quâ pluitur et ningitur; pluvius est dies; interdum ningit; eamus, lucescit jam; sunt homines quos libidinis suae neque pudeat neque taedeat; taedet ipsum Pompeium vehementerque poenitet; pudet piget que mei me; fratris me quidem piget pudetque; sapientis est, nihil quod poenitere possit facere; Alexander, quum interemisset Clitum, vix a se manus abstinuit, tanta vis fuit poenitendi; tanquam ita fieri non solum oporteret sed etiam necesse esset; est etiam aliquid quod non oporteat etiam si licet; adde etiam, si libet, velocitatem ; quod tibi lubet, idem mihi lubet. ENGLISH-LATIN. I am sorry for my sins; he is weary of life; is he weary of life? they are not weary of life; this interests all men; this interests thee and me; does it interest us? they are weary of our conversation; it grows dark; it rains; does it rain? it hails; it lightens; it thunders; it will rain all day (totum per diem); it snows; it rains blood; go home, for it grows dark; those men repent of their lusts; I am ashamed of my brother; Alexander repented the murdo good is the interest of all; my mother repents and grieves; they der of his friend Clitus; it behoves thee to repent of thy sins; to run; men laugh; are you ashamed of your idleness? they are ashamed of their idleness; I like (it pleases me) to do good; dost thou like to read? to love father and mother is seemly; it is unbecoming (disgraceful) to lie; that escapes thy notice; it is better to die honourably than to live basely; will that escape your notice? Aesopii Fabulae. CANIS MORDAX. Cani mordaci paterfamilias jussit tintinnabulum ex aere appendi, ut omnes eum cavere possent. Ille vero aeris tinnītu gaudebat, et quasi virtutis suae praemium esset, alios canes prae se contemnere coepit. Cui unus senior, "O te stolidum," inquit, "qui ignorare fabula scripta est in eos, qui sibi insignibus flagitiorum suorum placent. Fallit, fugit, praeterit (me), it escapes me, escapes my notice, I videris, isto tinnitu pravitatem morum tuorum indicari ?"Hacc know not. Placet, placuit, and placitum est, it pleases. Sufficit, it is sufficient. Suppětit, there is a supply. Succurrit, aid is given. Vacat, there is a want. Stat, it stands, it is agreed. Constat, it is made out, proved. Praestat, it is better. Deměto, demessui, demessum 3, I cut down, mow; commentarium, i, n. a note, record, a note-book, with pl. commentaria, archives, or national records; nefas, n indeclinable, that which is too wicked to be uttered (ne, not, and fari, to speak), wrong, impious; libido, libidinis, f. desire, lust; interimo, interemi, interemptum 3, I slay, take off; ignavia, ae, f. idleness sloth, cowardice; comitia, orum, n. the Comitia, or public assembly of the Roman people; interemptio, ónis, f. murder; honesté, honourably; turpiter, basely. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Interest omnium recta facere; noctu magis quam interdiu sine tonitribus fulgurat; et jam lucescebat omniaque sub oculis erant ; omnia notescunt; et vesperascit et non noverunt viam; me taedet CANIS ET LUPUS. Lupus canem videns bene saginatum, "quanta est," inquit, "felicitas tua! tu, ut videtur, laute vivis, ut ego fame eněcor." Tum canis, "licet," inquit, " mecum in urbem venias et eâdem felicitate fruaris." Lupus conditionem accepit. Dum una cunt, animadvertit lupus in collo canis attritos pilos. "Quid hoc est ?" inquit. "Num jugum sustines? cervix enim tua tota est glabra." "Nihil est" canis respondit. "Sed interdiu me alligant, ut noctu sim vigilantior; atque haec sunt vestigia collaris, quod cervici circumdări solet." Tum lupus, "Vale," inquit, "amice! nihil moror felicitatem servitute emtam!"-Haec fabula docet, liberis nullum commodum tanti esse, quod servitutis calamitatem compensare possit. LUPUS ET GRUS. In faucibus lupi os inhaeserat. Mercede igitur conducit gruem, qui illud extrahat. Hoc grus longitudine colli facile effecit. Quum autem mercedem postularet, subrīdens lupus et dentibus infrendens, "Num tibi," inquit, parva merces videtur, quod caput incolume ex lupi faucibus extraxisti? AGRICOLA ET ANGUIS. Agricola anguem reperit, frigore paene exstinctum. Misericordiâ motus, eum fovit et subter alas recondidit. Mox anguis recreatus vires recepit, et agricolae pro beneficio letale vulnus inflixit.Haec fabula docet qualem mercedem mali pro beneficiis redders soleant. VOCABULARY. Mordax, acis, biting, given to biting; aes, aeris, n. brass; tinnitus, us, m. a ringing; pravitas, atis, f. badness, vice, viciousness; insigne, is, n. a token; flagitium, i, n. a crime; laute, well, richly; sagino 1, I fatten; eněco 1, I kill; fruor 3 dep., I enjoy (gov. abl.); una, together, together with; num, asks a question, expecting an answer in the negative-num sustines? surely thou dost not bear a yoke? attritus (tero), a, um, part. rubbed, rubbed off ; pizus, i, m. hair; cervix, icis, f. the neck; glaber, glabra, glabrum, stript of hair, bald; vestigium, i, n. a footstep, a trace, mark; collare, is, n. a collar (collum); moror 1. dep., I delay, wait for, desire; nihil moror felic. &c., “ I have no desire for a happiness which has been purchased by slavery;" fauces, ium, f. the throat; letalis, e, deadly. J LESSONS IN GEOLOGY.-No. XXVI. By THOMAS W. JENKYN, D.D., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., &c. CHAPTER II. ON THE ACTION OF WATER ON THE EARTH'S CRUST. SECTION X. ON THE FORMATION OF DELTAS. You have seen that all the rivers and rills which issue from the mountains, are more or less charged with earthy particles, which they have worn from the rocks over which they have flowed, and which they hold in suspension as long as their current is rapid, or their waters are agitated. In proportion to the length of their course, these streams become more and more loaded with sand and mud, according as their power of abrasion is increased or continued. These adventitious materials, taken up by the rivers, are suspended in the fluid, until they are carried onward and deposited in a lake, or in the sea. If the stream has a feeble current, much of the pebbles and gravel which they bear are thrown down in the bed of the river, and form those alluvial plains which were described in the last lesson. But by far the greatest quantity of this detritus is carried down to the mouths of rivers; that is, to their junction with other streams, or with the waters of a lake or a sea. There they form accumulations of sand and mud which, since the days of Herodotus, are called Deltas. DELTA is the name of the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet, and is thus formed A. This designation was originally given by the Greeks to that part of Lower Egypt which extends from the Mediterranean up to the point now occupied by Cairo, and which has a triangular shape something like the Greek letter Delta. See fig. 56. You see that the whole of this district is in the form of the Greek Delta. It is evident that this form or shape has been given to the country by the river Nile, which empties itself into the sea by different mouths, as the wood-cut represents. Hence, wherever there are found alluvial tracts at the mouths of great rivers which enter the sea by two or more diverging branches, they are called, by geologists, Deltas, though such accumulations may have nothing of the triangular shape. A former lesson has taught you that when a river is charged with detritus, the middle of the stream is the portion most loaded, because it is there that the velocity is greatest. Whenever that velocity becomes diminished, either by a plain, or by the waters of a lake or of a sea, the mouth of the river becomes wider, and forms what is called an estuary. At its junction with the calm water of the lake, or when its velocity is checked by the power of the sea, the detritus sinks, and a central deposit is formed. To this deposit fresh accessions are made every moment, day and night, by incessant contributions from the turbid waters of the river, till, at last, the detritus deposited rises to the surface as dry ground, and forms an island. No sooner is it an island, than, necessarily, it divides the river into two streams. The island, thus formed by river sediments, keeps constantly increasing in length, and enlarging in breadth. What is most remarkable in the formation of this deposit is, that the enlargement, or the widening, of the island is in the portion nearest the sea. The part which is towards the stream is being perpetually abraded by the force of the current rushing against its sides: but, in the part where it fronts the sea, there is quiet or dead water, in which the detritus is constantly subsiding and settling The formation and the permanence of this island, make the two branches of the river on each side of it to diverge more and more. The result of this divergence is that the island itself, between the two branches and the sea, will become more and more of the shape of Delta, or of a triangular form. The river has now two branches. If the river be large, each of these branches will be charged with detritus. As each that junction; and, consequently, each will form a fresh delta branch joins the sea, each will again deposit its detritus at of its own, upon the same principle as the main river did. By this process other islands will appear, and new branches of the stream will be constantly formed. Some of these branch currents will be diverging, and some converging, in all directions, until the surface will appear as a net-work of rivers, inclosing numerous portions of land, all of which are, as seen character. See fig. 56. in the wood-cut, more or less of a deltoid or triangular geography that, by the constant increase of river deposits, It is not only a possible case, but it is a fact in physical and by the checks which these diverging and converging streams receive, all the deltas described may be formed into one large alluvial plain, that is, into one continuous delta, like that of the Thames, from near Reading down to Sheerness, or like that depicted in the last lesson (fig. 55). Inundations, freshets, or floods, have a great share in the formation and growth of deltas. When rivers become greatly and rapidly swollen, their channels can no longer contain the water supplied by heavy rains, or by melted snows: they, therefore overflow all the plains and lowlands about their mouths. The waters, which spread beyond the two banks of the river, will always run slower than those in the bed of the stream. This outspread water will soon precipitate the fine sand or mud which it holds in suspension, and the sediment, which settles down, forms a layer of a new rock. The land, which is thus covered by a flood, is likely to have a surface that is a little indented or undulated, as is represented in fig. 57. These curves in the surface of the indented plain will produce four results. 1. The fresh layers of sand or silt deposited will not be horizontal, nor of equal thickness. 2. Wherever there is a little curving or delving in the surface of the soil, there will be a current of moving water. 3. When the flood begins to subside, some of the upper portions of the undulating surface will appear above the sheet of water as islands. 4. The water running between these will deepen these curves or hollows, so that eventually the surface will, after the water is gone, be more uneven than before. With every fresh flood, these effects will be increased. Fresh sediments will be deposited on the upper parts of the undulations, so as to raise them higher than before. The intervening hollows also will be excavated deeper and deeper, till they become permanent branches of the main river. In the process of time the alluvial plain will have the same deltoid character or triangular shape, and the landscape will have the same netlike appearance of rivers and islands, as was the case in the instance first mentioned. You now see that deltas are formed in two ways. They are formed by rivers precipitating their detritus at their junction with a lake or a sea, and by rivers scooping out channels in an alluvial plain. You also see that there are two ways in which deltas grow in magnitude. They grow by extending into a lake or sea, and along a coast; and they grow in height or depth, as the surface rises higher with every new layer deposited by a flood. The increase of deltas, by extending into the sea and along the coast, will be at once understood by a glance at the delta LESSONS IN GERMAN. of the Nile, in fig. 56. Their increase in elevation also will Mud deposited by a River Flood, through the breadth and length of a Low Valley. the entire area. Here you have a section across a river bed between high lands. HH are the high lands on each side of a valley a a, and x is the bed of the river when there is no flood. When the river is flooded, the turbid waters will extend over the whole section, and deposit their sediments on the surface of The amount of this deposit will be greatest on the immediate banks of the river-partly because the first waters of the overflow will be on those lines, and partly because as the flood drains back to the bed of the river, the last precipitations will be there also. By a repetition of this process the banks will become so elevated as never to be covered by a flood. This is explained in fig. 58. Fig. 58. Sediments deposited by Floods where a River has raised its Banks. Here it is shown that when a river has, in the course of time, raised its bed and its banks by successive deposits, and the flood spread over the extent of the valley, the water will be kept back in the hollows at a a, until it is evaporated, and the whole sediment rests as a new layer on the surface. It is evident that this valley will be gradually elevated, so long as the floods continue thus to operate in adding new layers. I will now relate to you a few of the most remarkable facts connected with the formation and extension of deltas. Your attention has been called to the delta of the Nile, as being one of the most illustrative specimens. It was a very ancient saying among the Egyptians that "Egypt was the So may the Dutch of the present day say gift of the Nile." that "Holland is the gift of the Rhine." If you look at fig. 56, representing a small map of Egypt, you will see that the whole appearance of the lowlands shows that, at one time, the Mediterranean formed a bay up to the rocks near Memphis, some miles above where Cairo 'now stands. The present base of these rocks is now washed by the inundations of the Nile, at an elevation of 70 or 80 feet above the level of the Medi terranean. You are to consider that when the Nile, at a very remote age, began to flow, the river met the sea at these rocks. It immediately began to deposit its detritus on that coast, and it has continued the process ever since. The bed of the river itself, and the entire valley covered by its inundations, are daily undergoing a gradual increase of elevation, varying in different places, and lessening in proportion as the river Since thus the Nile precipitates so much approaches the sea. of its sediment in the inundated parts of Higher Egypt, the alluvial deposit does not cause the delta to extend rapidly towards the sea. Nevertheless, some ancient cities which were once close to the shore, are now a mile or more inland. The earlier geographers mention several mouths of the Nile which, in the present day, are all silted up. The bed of the Nile keeps rising, in pace with the general elevation of the soil caused by annual deposition; but the banks of the river are much higher than the flat land at a distance. These elevated banks and flat lands are represented in fig. 58. They are consequently very seldom covered That the by water, even during the highest inundations. bed of the river, and the soil of the valley of the Nile, are gradually rising, is evident from the following facts. The increase of sediment in the bed of the river makes the annual flood to spread over a wider and wider area, and hence the alluvial soil encroaches on districts that were once adorned with statues and temples, which the waters never reached three thousand years ago, but which are now covered to the depth of six or seven feet with the deposits of the Nile. Wherever deep cuttings have been made in the alluvial deposit of the Nile, it is found that the mud is thinly stratified. In each annual lamina, the upper part of the layer is of lighter coloured earth than the lower. The layers of each year separate easily from one another. The annual layers vary, of course, in thickness, according to the quantity of mud brought down by each inundation. The mean annual thickness of a layer is, near Cairo, that of a sheet of thin pasteboard: a stratum, therefore, of two or three feet in thickness, represents the deposition of a thousand years. The extension of the Delta, as it protrudes into the Mediterranean, is easily ascertained, both by historical records and by soundings. At a small distance from the shore of the Delta, the depth of the sea is about 12 fathoms. This depth is found to increase gradually to 50 fathoms, and then, at once, the depth is 380 fathoms. This was probably the original depth of the sea, before the Nile made it shallower by fluviatile matter. The Delta of the Nile commences, as you see in fig. 56, about 100 miles in a direct line from the Mediterranean to above Cairo. Its breadth on the coast is at least 230 miles. The whole area of this Delta, with the exception of a few sand-hills and artificial mounds or tumuli, is a perfectly level plain, intersected in every direction by channels from the main river. The fall of the Nile, from Cairo to the sea, is only one foot in 16,000. The geological principles developed by the Delta of the Nile are found, with certain modifications, in every other delta on the face of the globe. It would be impossible, in a lesson like this, to detail the formation and progress of the Delta of the Rhine in the German Ocean, the Delta of the Rhone in the Mediterranean, of the Po in the Adriatic, of the Danube in the Black Sea, of the Ganges in the Indian Ocean, of the Orinoco in the Atlantic, and of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico. The physical geography of all these you must read for yourself. The examination of the structure and contents of a delta is a study of great importance to a geologist. This is evident, when you consider that in these deltas will be found imbedded, leaves and branches of trees, remains of animals that fall into the streams, together with shells and other exuviæ. Imagine that any large delta, say of the Nile, Ganges, or the Mississippi, were ever raised to a considerable elevation, by volcanic agency. In that case the geologist would be able, by examining the fossil remains, to determine easily the character of the animals and plants of the countries through which those mighty rivers had flowed. As in the present deltas of England, he would find the bones of the horse, the deer, and other domesticated animals, associated with the trunks of trees and the leaves of plants, and also river-shells and sea-shells mingled with human bones and works of art,-so in that of the Ganges he would detect the animals and vegetables of India, and in that of the Mississippi those of North America. An ancient delta of this description, elevated by volcanic The arguments that are employed to power, is found in England, in what is called the Wealden of account for the contents of this delta, are as clear and as satisKent and Sussex. factory as any that could be employed to account for the cables and anchors, and ships' timber, which some future naturalist may find imbedded in the Goodwin Sands, should they ever become an elevated island. LESSONS IN GERMAN.-No. XXXVI. The preposition wegen" is often compounded with the geni- I. The preposition zu is often used after certain verbs (as, machen, werden, brauchen, c.,) to mark the result of an action, or the end or destination of a thing. Ex: Sie haben ihn zum Feind gemacht; you have made him (to) an enemy, or, you made an enemy of him. Das Eis wird zu Wasser; the ice becomes (to) water. Er braucht fünf Ellen Tuch zu einem Manter; he needs five ells of cloth for a cloak. II. Verdacht auf Jemand haben, or, Jemand in Verdacht haben (literally, to have suspicion upon one, or, to hold one in suspicion,) answers to our "to suspect." Ex.: 3ch habe Verdacht auf ihn, or, ich habe ihn in Verdacht; I suspect him, or, I have suspicion of (upon) him. Nachbem' ich zu Nacht gespeist haben After I shall have supped I shall werde, gehe ich aus. go out. (After I shall have eaten at night, I go out.) Er ist nach zehn Uhr zu mir gekom. He came to me after ten o'clock. (He is come to me after ten o'clock) men. gegangen. Er ist wegen seiner Krankheit nicht On account of his illness he did not go (He is on account of his illness not gone.) 1. Wissen Sie nicht, an was für einer Krankheit ihre Nichte gestorben ist? 2. So viel ich gehört habe, ist sie an der Auszchrung gestorben. 3. Viele sind in diesem Jahre an der Gholera gestorben. 4. Weiß man nicht, wer die silbernen Löffel gestohlen hat? 5. Nein, aber man hat Vertacht auf einen Bedienten des Hauses. 6. Man hatte zuerst eine alte Aufwärterin in Verdacht. 7. Er hat mich in Verdacht, ihn vorsäglich beleidigt zu haben. 8. Ich weiß wirklich nicht, auf wen ich meinen Verdacht werfen, und worauf ich ihn stügen soll. 9. Nachdem ich mich angekleiret, und nachtem ich gefrühstückt haben werte, will ich ihn besuchen. 10. Nach, dem er zu Mittag gefreist hatte, las er die Zeitung. 11. Nachdem er sich gebatet hatte, machte er einen Spaziergang. 12. Nach zehn Uhr des Abends besuchte er mich noch. 13. Nach Mitternacht werden wir unsere Reise weiter fortseßen. 14. Es giebt Menschen, welche nach diesem Leben fein anderes erwarten 15. Ich freue mich seinetwegen mehr als meinet, wegen. 16. Ihretwegen habe ich die Reise unternommen. 17. Guret wegen ist der Vater so betrübt. 18. Unsertwegen brauchen sie sich nicht zu schämen. 19. Mein Bruder war seiner selbst nicht mehr mächtig. 20 Hast Du Herrn N. selbst, oder seine Frau gesehen? 21. Ich habe ihn selbst nicht nur geschen, sondern auch gesprochen. 22. Ein treuer Soltat fibt lieber, als daß er zum Verräther wird. 1. Are we obliged to wait for our friend? 2. No, not on his account. 3. This man is detested on account of his perfidy. 4 Do not grieve on account of us! 5 On my account you may do what you like. 6. My brother died of consumption in the nineteenth year of his age. 7. Do you know who has stolen your gold watch? 8. No, but I am suspicious of that man who came to our house yesterday. 9. At first I suspected a servant of the house. 10. After I had performed my last voyage, I applied myself to the study of the living languages. 11. After we had dined we took an airing on horseback. 12. After he had breakfasted, he visited his brother-in-law. 13. This lady wants eighteen ells of musli for a dress. 14. That youth became a doctor. 15. That specu 16. He told me he lation made our neighbour a rich man. should on his own account speak to his father. SECTION LXXV. Nicht wahr? literally, not true? (it is not true), answers to our phrases "isn't it? wasn't it? don't they?" &c, after an assertion; as, Es ist kaltes Wetter, nicht wahr? It is cold weather, isn't it? Sie kennen ihn, nicht wahe? You know him, don't you? Sometimes nicht wahr?" precedes the assertion; as, Night wahr, Sie sind müte? You are tired, are you not? " I, Aufwarten (compounded of the particle auf and warten $ 90.), signifies to wait upon, to serve, and governs the dative. Ich warte Ihnen auf; I wait upon you. Darf ich Ihnen mit einer Tasse Thee aufwarten? May I serve you with a cup of tea? Ich danke Ihnen, sometimes abbreviated to 3ch bante, is the usual reply answering to our "No; I thank you." 3ch bin so frei (literally, I am so free), is the usual equivalent to our "If you please." Ich mache ihm meine Aufwartung; I wait upon him, literally, make my waiting upon him. Warten, when followed by the preposition auf" signifies "to wait for." Ex.: 34 warte auf ihn; I am waiting for him. "1 II. Sollen (See § 83. 6. Rem.) with an infinitive is often answered, in English, by the infinitive only, preceded by the preposition "to" as, Ich weiß nicht, was ich thun foll; I do not know what to do. III. Nicht zum Worte, or, zu Worte kommen, signifies literally, not to come to the word, or to words, that is, not effectually, not in a manner to be heard and understood. 1. Es war eine schöne Stunde, nicht wahr, mein Freund? 2. Ja, das war sie, und nicht so bald werte ich sie vergessen. 3. Nicht wahr, ter Nachbar war ebenfalls auf dem Feste? 4. Ja, er war dort und sehr vers gnügt. 5. Nicht wahr, es ist schon sehr svät? 6. Nein, es ist noch ziem. lich früh. 7. Nicht wahr, es ist nicht alles wahr was die Leute fazen * 8. Nein, nicht Alles darf man ihnen glauben. 9. Ich habe schon eine Stunte auf ihn gewärten, und immer läßt er sich noch nicht schen. 10. Bir warten auf den aufwartenden Kellner. 11. Wenn Sie es erlauben, werte ich Ihnen heute Nachmittag meine Aufwartung machen. 12. Darf ich Ihnen mit einer Tasse Thee over Kaffee aufwarten. 18. 34 tante für Thee, aber ich bin so frei, eine Lasse Kaffee anzunehmen. 14. Bei ber Krönung der Deutschen Kaiser zu Aachen warteten die anwesenden Fürsten auf. 15. Umsonst habe ich ihn darauf aufmerksam gemacht, er folgt nur seinem Kopfe. 16. Der Lehrer machte die Schüler darauf aufmerksam, wie wohl und gut Gott Alles in der Welt geordnet habe. 17. Der Richter fragte ihn vergebens, warum er dieses Verbrechen begangen habe; der An. geschuldigte hatte nichts darauf zu antworten. 18. Ich habe das Schreiben erhalten; allein ich weiß nicht, was ich darauf antworten foll. 19. Ich wüßte schon, was ich darauf antworten würde, wenn ich an ihrer Stelle wäre. 20. Die Männer, von denen Sie sprechen, sind eben nicht die besten Vertreter des Landes. 21. Ich ließ meiner Zunge freien Lauf und erzählte das mir widerfahrene Unrecht. 22. Er ließ seiner Rede freien Lauf und sagte in seiner Begeisterung mehr, als er hätte thun sollen. 23. Der An. kläger ließ den Angeklagten nicht zu Worte kommen, sondern fuhr immer mit seinen Beschuldigungen fort, ohne auf die Entschuldigungen zu hören. 24. Der Lärm übertönte die Stimme des Redenden und ließ ihn nicht zu Worte kommen. 1. Your friend whom we saw the day before yesterday is sick; is he not? 2. It was an agreeable evening; was it not, my friend? 3. Yes, it was, and I shall never forget the pleasure we had. 4. Your brother was also there; was he not? 5. It is yet early; is it not? 6. No, it is very late, and we must go. 7. I have waited already an hour for my friend, but still he has not come. 8. I am waiting for our servant. 9. Do not wait for him, I have just sent him out. 10. After I arrived in London I went directly and waited upon my friend, for whom I had letters of recommendation. 11. May I serve you with a cup of chocolate. 12. No, I thank you. 13 Will you not visit us before you go to the continent? 14. Ye, I shall pay you a visit. 15. May I help you to a glass of ale? 16. I thank you, I never drink it. 17. I have heard the news, but I do not know what to say to it. 18. You speak French and German, don't you? LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY-No. XIX. Or all the islands which belong to Europe, the most important in political and commercial importance are the British Isles. Under this head are included Great Britain, anciently called Albion or Britannia, and divided into the two countries of England and Scotland; and Ireland, anciently called Hibernia; with various interjacent (lying between) and circumjacent (lying around) islands of much smaller dimensions. The principal of the latter are the Isle of Man, in the Irish Sea, situated at nearly an equal distance from the three countries, England, Scotland, and Ireland; the Isle of Anglesea, which is separated from the mainland in Wales (a part of England) by the Menai Strait; the Scilly Isles, anciently called Cassiterides or the Islands of Tin, adjacent to Cornwall, the real tin region; the Isle of Wight, south of and forming part of Hampshire; the Hebrides, or western islands of Scotland; the Orkney and Shetland Islands, north of Scotland; and the Channel Islands, Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and Sark, which lie to the north-west of France. Next to the British Islands, the most important in the north of Europe are those which belong to and form part of the kingdom of Denmark, and lie in the channel or passage to the Baltic, called the Kattegat, viz., Zealand, which contains the capital of that kingdom; with Funen, Laaland, Falster, Moen, Fermern, Langland, Alsen, and various others. In other parts of the Baltic, are the islands of Rugen, Bornholm, Oland, Gothland, Aland, Oesel, and Dago. The islands called the Azores, or Western Islands, which are generally considered to belong to Europe, and of which Terceira and St. Michael are the principal, are situated about 800 miles W. of Portugal, to which they belong. The Island of Iceland, which belongs to Denmark, and is celebrated for its hot springs and its volcanoes, is situated on the edge of the arctic circle, and having its northern point within the Arctic Ocean; the Faroe Isles, which belong to the same kingdom, and are situated N. W. of the Shetland Isles, once formed the site of the first meridian, to which all nations referred the longitude, and it is to be regretted that this did not retain its position as the universal meridian for the world at large, and for the simplification of the islands which lie in the most northern regions of Europe, are mode of reckoning the longitude in different countries. The the Loffoden Isles, W. of Norway; Spitzbergen, and Nova Zembla, in the Arctic Ocean; and Greenland, which lies chiefly in the same ocean. Europe, and which lie in the Mediterranean Sea, are the The islands of the greatest importance in the south of following:-Corsica, which belongs to France, lying in the Tuscan Sea; Sardinia, S. of Corsica, and separated from it by the Strait of Bonifacio; the Balearic Isles, viz., Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, and Formentera, E. of Spain; Sicily, S.W. of Malta, S. of Sicily and belonging to Britain; the Ionian Naples, and separated from it by the Strait of Messina; Islands, viz., Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Sta. Maura, Thiaki or Ithaca, Cerigo, Paxo, &c., W. of Greece, and S. W. of Turkey of the Archipelago, viz., Negropont (anciently Eubea), Andro, in the Ionian sea; Candia or Crete, S.E. of Greece; the islands Syra, Naxia, Paros, Antiparos, Hydra, Spezzia, Egina, &c., lying E. and S.E. of Greece; and Lemnos or Stalimene, Lesbos or Mitilini, Scio or Chios, Samos, Patmos, Rhodes, and many others, lying to the E. of Turkey in Asia, or rather Asia Minor; Cyprus, situated in the Levant, which belongs to Egypt, and whose chief town is Nicosia. The principal Capes (Lat. caput, a head) in Europe are the following:-The North Cape, on the Island of Mageroe, in lat. 719 10', and long. 269 1' E., is commonly reckoned the most northern point of Europe, but this, according to some authors, is Nordkün, in lat. 71 6' N.; the north point of Nova Zembla is in lat. 77° 4' N., and long. 77° 5' E.; the Naze (German, the nose or beak), the most northern point of Norway, on the Skager-rack; the Skaw, or most northern point of Jutland, and Finisterre, in Spain, of which the latter, as the name in Denmark; Cape La Hogue, in France; Capes Ortegal indicates, (Lat. finis, the end, terræ, of the earth,) was deemed by the ancients the end or uttermost extremity of the world; Cape Roca, near Lisbon, and Cape St. Vincent, in Portugal; Cape Trafalgar and Europa Point, lat. 36° 6' N., long. 5° 21′ W., in Spain, of which the latter is the most southerly point in Europe, although Tarifa Point, lat. 36° 1′ N., long. 5° 36′ W., is often considered as this point; Cape Spartivento and Cape di Leuca in Italy, and Cape Matapan, in Greece (the Morea), the latter cape being in lat. 36° 22′ N., and long. 22° 28′ E.; Cape Passaro, in Sicily; and others of less importance. In the British Islands, Dunnet Head, and not Cape Wrath, is the most northerly point of Great Britain; also, Lizard Point, and not Land's End, is the most southerly point; the most northerly point of Ireland is Mullin or Malin Head, and the most southerly point Mizen Head, and not Cape Clear, which is on an island, called Clare Island. The northern Highlands of Europe are those which contain the Scandinavian chain of mountains, extending from the Naze to the North Cape, and consisting of the Lang-field, the Dovre-field, and the Kölen ranges, of which the highest point is Snechätten in the middle range, about 8,120 feet above the level of the sea; and the Uralian or Ouralian chain, extending from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to beyond the source of the Ural river, which falls into the Caspian Sea, and forms, with both, the boundary between Europe and Asia. The south-eastern Highlands of Europe are the Caucasian chain of mountains, between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, of which the highest peak is Mount Elburz, about 18,500 feet above the level of the sea, and the highest mountain in Europe. The southern Highlands of Europe consist of the Balkan (anciently Hamus) mountains in Turkey, the highest points being about 10,000 feet above the level of the sea; the Eastern Alps (German, mountains), stretching from the Balkan range to the commencement of the Western Alps, north of the Adriatic, of which the highest summits are Mont Blanc and Mont Rosa, each more than 15,000 feet above the level of the sea, and which border Switzerland on the south, and Italy on the north; the Carpathian Mountains in the north of Hungary; the Hercynian Mountains, in Germany; the Cevennes and the Vosges, in France; the Pyrenees, between France and Spain, of which the highest points or peaks are Mont Perdu and Maladetta, each more than 11,000 feet high; Venletta and |