pas la peine de lire sa lettre? 19. Parce qu'elle n'en vaut pas la peine. 20. Votre courrier a-t-il pris les devants? 21. I n'a pu prendre les devants. 22. N'avez-vous pas tort de prendre son parti? 23. Je n'ai pas tort de le prendre. 24. Avez-vous pris le thé (your tea)? 25. Nous n'avons pas pris (our) le thé, nous avons pris le café?

EXERCISE 140.

1. Has your brother taken care not to spoil his hat? 2. He has taken care not to spoil it, he has only one. 3. Go and speak to your sister, she calls you (appelle). 4. Will you not take a cup (tasse) of tea? 5. I have just taken my tea. 6. What have you said to your little girl? 7. I have told her to take care not to tear her dress. 8. Let us take care not to tear that book. 9. My son has just brought it. 10. Has he taken his tea? 11. He has not yet taken tea, it is too early. 12. At what hour do you take tea at your house? 13. We take tea at six o'clock. 14. Do you take tea or coffee for breakfast (à votre déjeûner)? 15. We take coffee. 16. Is your courier gone on before? 17. He has not been able to go on before. 18. What resolution have you taken? 19. I have taken the resolution to study my lesson. 20. Have you taken care not to tear your books? 21. I have taken care not to stain them. 22. What has your brother determined? 23. He has determined to remain silent. 24. Have you taken my part 25. I have taken my brother's part. 26. Are you right to take his part? 27. I am right to take his part, because he is right. 28. Are you not afraid to take his part? 29. I am not afraid to take his part. 30. Will you take your sister's part or mine? 31, I will take my sister's part. 32. Go and read your book, you do not know your lesson. 33. I know my 34. Let us lesson, and I know also that you are my friend. go to our father, he wants us.

SECTION LXXI,

THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

Je crains que votre maître ne vous punisse pas.

Je m'étonne qu'il ne sache pas cela.

J'exige que vous lui donniez cela. Que voulez-vous que je dise?

Que nous cherch -ions That we may seek

Que vous port -jez That you may carry Qu'ils aim

That they may love

-cnt

I consent that you go to see him.
We doubt your arriving in time.

I fear lest your master may punish

you.

I fear that your master may not punish you.

I am astonished that he does not know that.

I require you to give him that.
Do you wish him to go hunting.
What do you wish me to (that I
should) say?

J'aime mieux que vous me payicz. | I would rather have you to pay me.

EXERCISE 141.

Empêch-er, 1. to prevent. Moulin-à-scie, saw-mill. Fortement, very much. Obé-ir, 2. to obey.

reç -oive may receive

chérisses

mayest cherish

Force, f. strength.

Rempl-ir, 2. to fulfil.

Magasin, m. warehouse.

Rue, f. street.

Malsain, e, unhealthy,

entend-ons

fournisse may furnish pun

-issions

may punish sais -issicz may seize

-issent un may unite

mayest perceive

-9

-iez

may hear -eviez perd may owe may lose déç -ent -oivent mord may deceive may bite

3. In the first conjugation, the subjunctive is in the singular, similar to the present of the indicative. Exception: aller-je vais, que j'aille.

4. The first and second persons plural of the subjunctive, in the four conjugations, are the same as the corresponding persons of the imperfect of the indicative. The third person plural is like the corresponding person in the indicative present. Exceptions: avoir, subjunctive, nous ayons, vous ayez, ils aient; savoir, nous sachions, vous sachiez, ils sachent; être, nous soyons, vous soyez, ils soient; faire, nous fassions, vous fassiez, ils fassent; aller, ils aillent; vouloir, ils veuillent; valoir, ils

Atelier, m workshop. Au dessus, above. Bracelet, m. bracelet, Déjà, already,

Tomb-er, 1. to fall.

1. Que voulez-vous que nous fassions? 2. Je désire que vous fassiez attention à vos études. 3. Ne craignez-vous pas que 1: pluie ne vous empêche de sortir? 4. Nous craignons fortement que la pluie ne nous empêche de remplir nos engagemen s 5. Doutez-vous qu'il soit chez lui maintenant? 6. Je doue qu'il y soit, il est déjà dix heures. 7. Exigez-vous qu'il parte de bonne heure? 8. Je m'étonne qu'il ne soit pas dejà parti. 9. Aimez-vous mieux que je vous rende ces bracelets? 10. J'aime mieux que vous me les payiez. 11. Votre voisin craint-il que son enfant ne sorte? 12. Il craint qu'il 13. Ne désirez-vous pas que vos élèves ne tombe dans la rue, obéissent à leurs professeurs. 15. Ne craignez-vous pas que vous obéissent ? 14. Je souhaite qu'ils m'obéissent et qu'ils cet artisan ne tombe malade? 16. Je crains qu'il ne tombe malade, car son atelier est très malsain. 17. Ne regrettezvous pas qu'il soit obligé de travailler? 18. Je regrette qu'il soit obligé de travailler au dessus de ses forces. 19. Ne désirez-vous pas qu'on lui apprenne cette nouvelle? 20. Je désire qu'on la lui apprenne le plus tôt possible. 21. Votre père ne veut-il pas que vous achetiez un magasin? 22. Il veut que j'achète un moulin-à-scie. 23. Désirez-vous que je vous quitte? 24. Je désire que vous restiez avec moi. 25. Je veux que vous partiez ce matin.

8. She fears that the rain may prevent our going out. 9. Do you doubt that your father be at home now? 10. I doubt his being there. 11. Do you require me to do my work now? 12. I wish you to do your work before going out (avant de sortir). 13. Do you not regret your being obliged to work? 14. I do not regret my being obliged to work. 15. Are you not astonished that he knows that? 16. I am astonished that he knows all. 17. Do you require me to pay him to-day? 18. I wish you to pay him to-morrow. 19. What would you have me do (see No. 1 of the above exercise)? 20. I will have you pay him immediately. 21. Do you fear lest the master punish your son? 22. I fear that he may not punish him. 23. What would you have me say? 24. I would have you say the truth. 25. Does not your father wish you to buy a house? 26. He wishes me to buy a storehouse. 27. Do you wish us to leave you? 28. I wish you to go away to-morrow. 29. Do you wish me to stay with you? 30. I wish you to stay here. 31. Do you wish me to tell him that news? 32. I wish you to tell it to him. 33. Do you wish your children to obey their teacher 34. I wish them to obey him.

You have seen that water derived from rain, dew, and snow, enters into porous soils of gravel and loose sands. You know from observation that such grounds become soon dry after heavy showers and long wet weather. Such soils and rocks are called arenaceous, or sandy, and easily "drink in" the water that falls upon them. The other soils and rocks, which retain the water, or through which water percolates with great difficulty, are called argillaceous, or clayey.

The water which percolates through these porous beds descends, by its own gravity, lower and lower, until it finds a stratum of stiff clay, or impervious rock, through which it cannot penetrate. This fact has been already explained to you in two instances. If the surface of the impervious rock forms a curve upward like a bow, the percolating waters will flow and produce wells on each side of the hill, as was represented in fig. 39. If the surface of the retentive rock be an inclined plane, as in fig. 40, the water will flow along the slope in one direction, and appear as a well on one side only of the mountain, or at its base.

It is hence obvious that when water reaches an impervious stratum and fails to percolate to a greater depth, it must accumulate as in a reservoir, and will then try to ooze out at any outlet, which it can effect by the laws of hydrostatic pressure. The principal difficulty in this phenomenon is to explain why the water does not ooze out at every point, along the line of junction of the porous beds with the impervious or watertight stratum, instead of at a few points where we find springs.

The reason of springs being found at few points only, and not along the whole line, is that the percolating waters concentrate at those points. This concentration of the water is occasioned by two conditions in the structure of the soil. First, it is well known that even in gravelly and loose beds there are fissures and crevices, which act as natural and easy drains to the percolating waters. Secondly, there may be curves, swellings, and inequalities, in the surface of the stiff and impervious rock which the waters have reached. In the dents and hollows of these beds, the water accumulates till it overflows their edges; or it may be that by means of these depressions, the water is conducted to lower levels, and thus forms channels for a current to force for itself an outlet at a powerful spring.

Springs caused by Depressions in the Strata. Fig. 41 represents a spring in a mountain side near Zurich, in Switzerland. You see that the upper part of the hill, A, consists of a deep and extensive mass of gravelly soil. Through this mass water, from rain and snow, penetrates until it reaches the impervious and retentive beds BB. These beds curve upward on both sides, and, therefore, form a kind of trough or basin at c, where the water, from the porous soil running on each side of the inclined planes B B, meet and gush out as a large and copious spring. Were the porous surface of this mountain thin and of small extent, the well would be an intermittent one, and would soon be exhausted in a dry season. For, if the supply of water in the porous soil be not equal to the discharge at the spring, the flow at the well will stop, until the reservoir be afresh replenished, either from rain or from melted snow. But, because this gravelly soil is deep and of considerable extent, and because the basin-shaped rocks below help the water to accumulate at the bottom, the fountain is copious, powerful, and perennial.

The knowledge of these conditions of geological structure will aid your comprehension of the phenomena of Artesian wells.

An Artesian well is a boring made perpendicularly into the ground by means of a large auger, which is worked till it penetrates through different soils and rocks into a bed which contains water. Such wells are called Artesian from the French province called Artois, which is the ancient Artesium. It was in this district that wells of this description were first formed in Europe. It has been lately ascertained that such wells have been established in China from a considerable antiquity.

As the borer is worked and made to penetrate into the underlying rocks, a jointed tube of iron, and of larger bore or circumference, but surrounding it, is beaten down into the boring. This tube answers two purposes. First, it hinders the sides of the boring or well from falling in; and secondly, it prevents the water, in its ascent, from escaping and spreading into any interstice or fissure which it might find in the sides of the rock.

In these wells the water rises from various depths, either to the surface of the soil or many feet above it, according to certain conditions of the strata in which water is found. In many instances after the borer has passed through many hundreds of feet of impervious and retentive beds, and it comes to a porous stratum containing water, the fuid rises immediately with considerable impetuosity, rushes up the tube, and flows over. The first rush is often very violent, so that for a time

LESSONS IN ENGLISH.No. XXIII.

By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D.
UNCOMBINED SUFFIXES.

THE suffixes of which we have spoken enter into the structure of the words with which they are severally connected. Thus the ment in amendment forms an essential part of the term. If ment is sundered from amend, the word amendment ceases to exist; and instead of a noun, there arises a verb, the verb to amend. Other words are appended to roots without entering into union with them. For instance, we say cast down and cast up. Here down and up form no part of cast. Cut off down and up, and cast remains the same. Yet down and up modify the meaning of cast, and they modify it in a very important way. And down and up come after cast. In some sort, then, they are suffixes. They perform the part of suffixes in regard to meaning, and they differ from suffixes chiefly in not combining with the root as do the suffixes already considered. Hence they appear to be uncombined suffixes. Putting the two together, I may designate suffixes, properly so called, combined suffixes, and those that do not enter into the composition of words, uncombined suffixes.

The uncombined suffixes down and up are adverbs. Adverbs form one class of uncombined suffixes. Another class consists of prepositions; for instance, we say, I speak to, and I speak of. Here to and of are prepositions. These uncombined suffixes, you see, very materially modify the meaning of the verb to speak. Consequently, the right employment of prepositions as suffixes is a matter of great consequence.

If you carefully follow me in what immediately ensues, you will see reason to believe that the English is a very flexible and a very rich language, and that it owes these qualities largely to the existence in a free and uncompounded state of many of its words. Let me explain what I mean by "a free and uncompounded state." Suppose that fall and down had coalesced into one word: thus, to falldown; then falldown would be a compound, and neither fall nor down would be free, being absorbed in the new term. Indeed we have in the shape of a noun this very compound, only the terms are inverted as in downfall. Now down and fall, thus combining, you cannot modify fall by using other prefixes; you cannot, for instance, say outfall. But with down, as an uncombined prefix, you can say fall out equally well with fall down; and as you can say fall out, so can you also say fall in. Indeed the power of expression thus acquired is almost endless. The greater is the pity that some writers, ignorant of the treasures of the Saxon element of our language, and misled by false views of elegance, should have given preference to Latinisms, and frowned on the idiomatic diction which ensues from the employment of our uncombined suffixes. UNCOMBINED SUFFIXES. 1. Adverbs.

Aback.

"Away there! lower the mizen yard on deck," He calls, and, "brace the foremost yards aback.”

Here are forty-one different acceptations of the word went. In no other language known to me is this multiplying power exceeded, if, indeed, it is equalled, even in the German; while in most languages, as in Latin, in French, and in Spanish, the facility of combination is very much less.

So familiar, however, are Englishmen with the import and the application of the uncombined adverbs, that I have no need to go through them in detail. It may be more useful to give two or three instances of the way in which they modify the verb to which they are subjoined. SUFFIXES. back down

VERBS.

Here are fifty-six words made out of four with the aid of suffixes, which being common property may enter into union with many other verbs. In Todd's edition of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary, sixty-two different applications of the verb to cast are given and exemplified; and this variety is owing mainly to the efficacy of the uncombined suffixes. The diversity of meaning given by these suffixes is no less remarkable. To run up an account is a very different matter from running down an enemy's vessel. By blowing up a citadel, a revolt may be put down. You may enter into a cave, and you may enter into Milton's Conception of Samson Agonistes. If you have money, you may set up a shop; if you are rich, you may set up your carriage; if you are liberal, you may, at the same time, set up a friend; and if you have also a proper spirit, you will not fail to set down the impertinent. Edgar having run through his fortune, enlisted as a common soldier, and was run through in battle. To laugh with one's friends is agreeable; to be laughed at by them is very unpleasant.

"The weight of the body doth bear most upon the knee joints."— Wilkins.

"I doubted whether that occasion could bear me out in my confidence." -Temple.

"An eagle fluttereth over her young, and beareth them on her wings." (Deut. xxxii. 11.)

"Do you suppose the state of this realm to be so feeble, that it cannot bear of a greater blow than this?"-Hayward.

"And bears down all before it with impetuous force." Dryden.
"And ebbing tides bear back upon th' uncertain sand.” Dryden.
"Cæsar doth bear me hard; but he loves Brutus." Shal:spear.
"Give but the word, we'll snatch his damsel up,
And bear her off."

Cato.

To this list nautical phrases would add to bear down on an enemy, and to bear up against the wind; to bear round a headland, and bear over a sea; to bear by an island, and bear through a strait. What variety of meaning arises from these uncombined

To go upon a river

To go near a bridge To go along a bridge To go over a bridge To go across a bridge To go under a bridge To go upon a bridge To go above a bridge

On a tempestuous night a horseman fatigued with a long day's journey, in attempting to go across a dilapidated bridge, was blown over it into the river. If you go through the Thames you will probably be drowned; if, by means of the Tunnel, you go under it, you will not wet the sole of your foot. A balloon will carry you over the Thames, and you may cross the river in a wherry. I sauntered along the river, and at length went upon its tranquil bosom. My cousin walked under the bridge, while I was above it in the balloon, and we both saw the sheep go into the river.

These adverbial suffixes must not be confounded with ordinary adverbs. They are only a small portion of ordinary adverbs. Their connexion with their verbs is more intimate than is the connexion of ordinary adverbs, for though uncombined they form a part of the verb in each case, and are essential to its signification. The office of the ordinary adverb is not to change the import of a verb, but to denote the manner of its action. In to bear patiently, the adverb patiently does nothing more than mark the way in which the evil is borne; it is borne patiently, not impatiently, not peevishly, not complainingly. But to bear through, as, "the admiral bore through the enemy's line," is in the primitive sense of the term not to bear at all, nor in the derivative sense to endure, but to sail or direct a ship. Besides, ordinary adverbs may be connected with these adverbial suffixes; e. g. " the admiral boldly bore through the enemy's line."

UNCOMBINED SUFFIXES.

2. Prepositions.

But

I have termed the uncombined suffixes of which I have spoken adverbs and adverbial suffixes. In doing so I have, in regard to such as into, through, &c., considered them in their connexion with their several verbs. Thus viewed, they in construction are taken as parts of their verbs. In consequence the verbs become compound, and in their compound state govern their objects. through, into, and others may be viewed as prepositions. When so considered they are connected not so much with the verb as with the noun; which in that case is governed not by the verb but by the preposition; in other words, the noun is directly dependent on the preposition rather than on the verb. I may illustrate my meaning by an example of

In the use of prepositions in connexion with verbs, special regard must be paid to usage. The power of the verb is materially effected by the preposition. This fact is broadly seen in the appending of to or of to the verb to speak; e. g., to speak to, to speak of. Besides the phrase to speak to, we use the phrase to speak with. The two meanings are nearly the same, but to speak to is to address, and to speak with is to interchange remarks, to converse. The usage you are to follow is present usage. In its very nature usage is a varying thing. Of old, to lay hold on was employed in the way of our to lay hold of. present we say dependent on, but independent of, yet the two adjectives, as they differ only in the negative in, would naturally require the same construction; and in former days on was used with independent as well as dependent.

At

"A being of dependent nature remains independent upon him."South.

It is a rule that verbs, compounds of the Greek, Latin, and French languages, take after them the same prepositions as those which enter into their structure; thus, we say sympathise with, for the sym of sympathise denotes with. In the same way we say adhere to; intervene between. Yet we say prefer to instead of prefer before (prae, Lat. before). We have also conformable with, and conformable to.

"The fragments of Sappho give us a taste of her way of writing conformable with that character we find of her."—Addison.

"Ile gives a reason conformable to the principles."-Arbuthnot.

correspondence than to. According to the rule just enunciated averse (a, from; and verto, I turn) would take from after it; yet we say not averse from, but averse to. Exception (ex, out of; and capio, I take) would require out of or from; yet we say exception to.

"Pleads, in exception to all general rules,

Your taste of follies with our scorn of fools."

Pope.

God made the little worm that crawleth on the ground. I saw a fly crawl up the window pane. Let us go forth into the green fields. John has gone down into the cellar. The buds come out on the trees. The cowslips hold up their heads; will the cowslips never hang their heads down? The goslings are running on the green. They are now going down into the pond. The hen sits upon her nest. When the hen has broken the shell, the chicken will come out. The sheep can scarcely stand under their wool. The butterflies flutter from bush to bush. The young animals of every kind sport about. The shepherd careth for his sheep, and bringeth them her in her weakness. Your mother brought you up on her knees, back to the fold. My son, take care of your aged mother, and sustain You lay in her bosom. She fed you with her own vital substance. Therefore, let her now, in her age, cleave to you, and, upheld by you, let her gently go down into her tomb.

EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION.

Make a simple sentence comprising the words which follow.
Words with their proper Prepositions.

Questions: What is the difference between accord with, and ac cord to? between accountable to, and accountable for? between admit, and admit of? between address, and address to?

In order that you may clearly see what I require, I give a sentence or two by way of example.

Such conduct draws upon him the abhorrence of all men. Such conduct subjects him to the wrath of God.

The former sentence is constructed on draws upon; the latter is constructed on subjects to. Suppose that I had given absence from and arrival at, as the germs of a sentence, then I perform what is demanded, thus:

John's arrival at Portsmouth has inspired all the family with hope Your absence from home has given your parents much pain,

F. R. signifies Foreign Representatives, that is, the stem in the Latin, French, &c., which forms the root or substance of the word: in these stems, only the essential or radical letters are given.

LITERARY NOTICES.

ALL NOW READY.

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