CIBBER, THEOPHILUS, son of the celebrated comedian, and like him an actor and play-writer, was a man of profligate character, and very inferior talents, 1703-1758. His second wife, SUSANNAH MARIA CIBBER, was a sister of Dr. Arne, and often performed with Garrick as a tragedian; 1734-1766. Caius Gabriel Cibber, was a statuary, and native of | But the performance of vicious characters he seems Holstein, who came into England some time to have considered injurious to his reputation.previous to the restoration. The basso relievo,' Owing to the censure of dramatic poets, by Jeremy says his son, 'on the pedestal of the great column Collier, in his Short View of the Stage,' the in the city, and the two figures of the lunatics, the master of the revels became cautious in granting raving and the melancholy, over the gates of licenses to new plays. Nevertheless, Cibber conBethlehem Hospital are no ill monuments of his trived to get on pretty well; his muse and his fame as an artist.' When ten years of age (1682) spouse, to use his own words, being equally Cibber was sent to the free school of Grantham, prolific, that the one was seldom the mother of a Lincolnshire, where the boy appears to have shown child, but in the same year the other made him the same giddy negligence that marked the man; the father of a play.' 'I think,' he adds, we had and to have unconsciously made enemies by an a dozen of each sort between us, of both which inveterate habit of jesting, besides the envy exer- kinds some died in their infancy, and near an equal cised by his literary progress. We may form some number of each were alive when we quitted the idea of his provoking humour from what occurred theatre.' 'The Careless Husband' has always been in 1730, when he had recently received the laurel, and reckoned Cibber's best play. "The Nonjuror,' there was so much discontent expressed that it however, was the most popular, owing to its should be conferred upon a comedian. The 'public political character. It was levelled against the papers were enlivened with ingenious epigrams, and Jacobites, and was the reason, in fact, of Cibber's satirical flirts,' on the occasion. The witty author being made poet-laureate in 1730, when he quitted entered the lists against himself, and published a the stage. He died in 1757. His Apology, from doggrel copy of verses in the Whitehall Evening which we have derived the materials for his life, is Post, in which he lampooned himself. His vanity, an exceedingly amusing work. His works fill 5 as well as his vivacity, had much to do with this vols. 12mo, published in 1760. [J.A.H.] strange conduct. But the former is the actor's foible, and must be put up with. Previous to choosing the stage for a profession, Cibber had the offer of several chances for the church, the court, and the army; but notwithstanding the prejudices of his father, he preferred the boards. The famous year, 1688, witnessed this important revolution in the state of our author's private affairs. At the time that Cibber joined Sir William Davenant's company (1690), the principal performers were Betterton, Montfort, Kynaston, Sandford, Nokes, Underhil, Leigh, Mrs. Betterton, Mrs. Barry, Mrs. Leigh, Mrs. Butler, Mrs. Montfort, and Mrs. Bracegirdle, 'all' as Cibber calls them, 'original masters in their different styles; not mere auricular imitators of one another.' At this period, it was not customary to pay young actors during their probation, and it was three quarters of a year before young Cibber became entitled to ten shillings a-week. By the time that he received double that salary, he ventured on matrimony. Necessity soon made him a poet. Fortune had begun to smile on his new career. By the recommendation of Mr. Congreve, he had the honour of acting before Queen Mary in one of Kynaston's parts. His next step was the production of a prologue, which was accepted and spoken. Alderman Fondlewife, in the play of 'The Old Bachelor,' next afforded him an opportunity of astonishing his fellow-performers, though he received small encouragement from them. The expediency of writing a part for himself led to his composing the comedy of Love's Last Shift,' which was produced on the boards in January, 1695, and in which he acted the character of Sir Novelty. Still Cibber won his way but slowly with the actors; and even up to the end of his career had not secured their full faith in him. His talents were at least of the versatile order, for he not only performed the fops and coxcombs of comedy, but fago, Wolsey, Syphax, and Richard III. in tragedy. CLAPPERTON, HUGH, was born in 1788, at Annan, in the county of Dumfries, where his father practised as a surgeon. After having entered the merchant service, and made several voyages to America, he was impressed on board a man-of-war. By the influence of an uncle, a captain in the marines, young Clapperton soon attained to the rank of a midshipman; and some time after, while on service in Canada, to that of lieutenant. He gained, in various actions, the reputation of a skilful and brave officer. Being at home on half-pay for five or six years, he became acquainted, at Edinburgh, with Dr. Oudney, then engaged in plans of African discovery; and was soon after associated, under the directions of Earl Bathurst, with this gentleman and Major Denham in an expedition to the sources of the Niger. They crossed the desert from Tripoli to Lake Tchad, which they were the first Europeans to visit, reaching it on 5th February, 1823. Here our travellers separated for a time; and Clapperton explored the country to the S. W. as far as Sokatou, in lat. 13° N., long. 5° 45' E., a distance of 700 miles from Lake Tchad. Dr. Oudney, who accompanied him, died by the way about a month after they started. Meeting in health at Kouka, the capital of Bournou, where they left Mr. Tyrwhit as consul, Denham and Clapperton recrossed the desert to Tripoli, at which they safely arrived on 25th January, 1825. Clapperton was soon after raised to the rank of commander, and equipped for a second expedition, intended to reach the sources of the Niger by ascending the stream from its mouth. This was found imprac ticable from the unhealthy nature of the delta of this great river. Proceeding by land Clapperton reached Sokatou from the S. W., thus connecting his observations with those of his former journey. Here, however, he was destined to end his active and useful life; weakened by fatigue, with feelings irritated by the obstacles thrown in his way, he was seized with dysentery, and after a lingering illness, he expired on the 13th April, 1827. Richard Lander, his faithful and attached servant, was the only European who remained of the party, Captain Pearce R.N., Dr. Morrison, and others, having died soon after they left the coast. Full accounts were published of the several journeys, which added immensely to our knowledge of central Africa. [J.B.] CLARENCE, GEORGE, duke of, brother of Edward IV., drowned in a butt of Malmsey, 1478. CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, earl of, was born in 1608, at Hinton, in Wiltshire, the estate of Henry Hyde, his father. He studied at Oxford with the design of entering the church, but became a lawyer on the death of his elder brother, through which, in 1632, he succeeded to his father's property. Although he practised his profession for a time, it does not seem to have ever engaged so much of his attention as literature did at first and politics afterwards. In 1640 he was elected a member of Charles I.'s Short Parliament, in whose moderate attempts at reform he bore an active part; and when the king contemplated dissolving it, Hyde took advantage of an intimacy he had contracted with Archbishop Laud, to offer earnest remonstrances against that arbitrary and imprudent step. He sat again in the Long Parliament, which the king was forced to summon before the end of the same year. He concurred in some of the earliest of the strong measures now adopted by the house, such as the proceedings against the judges in Hampden's case, and the impeachment of Strafford; but in no long time he became startled by the lengths to which the popular leaders were disposed to carry their opposition to the crown. The king seized the first opportunity of securing to himself so useful a servant. Hyde, Lord Falkland, and Colepepper, were secretly appointed to manage the interests of the crown in parliament; and although the cautious and reasonable counsels of the first two of these advisers were disregarded by their master, Hyde continued to frame the royal messages and other documents till the breach with the parliament took place. In 1643, having now attached himself to the king's person, he was knighted and made chancellor of the exchequer; after which he was actively engaged in the king's affairs till 1646, when, on the irretrievable ruin of the royal cause, he accompanied the prince of Wales in his flight from England. He now resided for two years in Jersey, occupying himself in study and in the composition of his History; after which he joined the prince at the Hague, and continued in his service when his father's death had made him nominally king. He spent more than a year in Spain, vainly soliciting aid, but extending his own knowledge as well as writing moral and devotional treatises. For several years afterwards he was Charles's chief adviser, and, in 1658, received the place of lord chancellor, then only nominal, but soon real.-He returned with Charles II. to England in May, 1660, and immediately began to act both as speaker of the House of Lords, and as chief judge in the Court of Chancery; being soon also raised to the peerage. At this time his prospects were seriously endangered, by the discovery of the secret marriage of his daughter to the duke of York, through which he became the grandfather of two queens of England. The storm passed away without doing immediate harm. Lord Clarendon was virtually the head of the administration till near the close of 1667; and, as the responsible adviser of Charles II. for more than six years, he cannot but have done many things which would then have been condemned by patriotic men, and many others which would now appear still more censurable. The sale of Dunkirk, and the promotion of the king's marriage, though they were the main causes of the unpopularity which gradually gathered around the chancellor, were certainly not the worst of the steps which were taken, either by his advice or with his sanction and assistance. He had taken a prominent part in the bloody vengeance which, in the beginning of the reign, was inflicted on the regicides and other parliamentary leaders; he was yet more active in conducting that persecution of the dissenters, of which the Act of Uniformity was the consummation; and, in conducting the secret negotiations for a loan from France, he made the king of England to be independent of parliament and the pensioner of a foreign and hostile power. Yet even these acts were only such as the circumstances might have prompted to one who was at once a zealous royalist, a somewhat bigoted churchman, and a statesman fond of power, and actuated by considerations of expediency rather than by elevated principles. If such motives are not very dignified, they are at least very much above the level of those that prevailed among the corrupt and profligate politicians who swarmed about the restored king. Nor was Clarendon's fall caused by any of those acts of his that were really reprehensible. He became unpopular with the nation because of the disgraces incurred in a war undertaken in spite of his dissuasions; he made himself obnoxious to the courtiers by reserved haughtiness of manner, and by a strictness of private conduct which silently rebuked their debauchery; and he lost the favour of the king because he connived only at royal vices instead of pandering to them, and countenanced reluctantly acts of misgovernment to which he was expected to give hearty support. After Clarendon's unpopularity had become general, Charles and his parliament vied with each other in their eagerness to ruin him. Repeated messages from the king failed in prevailing on him to make a voluntary surrender of the great seal; and after he had been displaced, and impeached at the bar of the House of Lords, it was only a distinct warning that his master could not and would not save so much as his life, that induced him to leave the country.-He fled on horseback he generally had a book in one hand; and by this rigid economy of time, he was storing his mind with useful knowledge, as well as collecting materials for his future works. The circuit assigned him to perambulate as an itinerant preacher was Wiltshire. And although, of course, he had various stations in the country, he pitched his residence at Trowbridge, where he formed a matrimonial alliance with Miss Cooke, daughter of Mr. Cooke, clothier, and a lady of great piety, prudence, and amiable dispositions. Mr. Clarke's fame as an Orientalist and biblical scholar having spread extensively, he received the honorary title of LL.D. from the university of St. Andrews, and was enrolled a member of several learned societies both in Britain and America. His ardent attachment to general, and especially to CLARIDGE, R., a Quaker writer, 1649-1723. Oriental literature, led him to take an active part CLARK, JOHN, a medical author, 1744-1805. in the management and secretaryship of several CLARK, WILLIAM TIERNEY, a civil engineer of those societies. And the duty of maintaining of distinguished merit. He was early apprenticed the various correspondence, together with the presto a millwright in Bristol, and worked succes- sure of his congregational labours, which always sively at Colebrookdale and in London under the held the first place in his regard, so greatly affected great Rennie, with whom he remained till 1811. his health, that his medical advisers persuaded He was the engineer of the West Middlesex him in 1815 to resign his pastoral charge. RetirWater Works, and to the advancement of this im-ing to a rural retreat in Lancashire, which the portant undertaking his energies were devoted for liberality of a few friends had presented to him, many years. Suspension bridges early excited his he lived in the enjoyment of literary leisure. His attention, and he has left Hammersmith, Marlow, Commentary on the Bible was prosecuted with Norfolk, and Pesth suspension bridges, as monu- ardour; but finding himself deprived of many adments of his taste in design, and skill in engineer- vantages which to a literary man are indispensable, ing. The suspension bridge of Pesth, while it he disposed of his farm, and after a residence in stands a monument to his genius, is the admira- Lancashire of eight years, returned to establish tion of all who have seen it. It was the last and himself at Eastcott, a small village in the vicinity crowning act of a life devoted to a profession of of London. In Haydon Hall, an elegant mansion which he was an ornament. He died 22d Sep- he purchased there, he completed his Commentary, tember, 1852, aged sixty-nine. [L.D.B.G.] an elaborate work in 8 vols. 4to, which had occuCLARKE, DR. ADAM, was a native of Moy-pied his attention more or less for forty-eight years, beg, in Ireland, where he was born, 1760. Like and the publication of which was issued at intervals many other men of eminence, he was indebted to from 1810 to 1826. Dr. Clarke, though unconthe influence of maternal counsels and example in nected with any particular charge, had never wholly the formation of his youthful character, as well as discontinued the practice of preaching. An enin the choice of his future course; for while his gagement of this kind was to have been fulfilled at father was an episcopalian, his mother, who was Bayswater on the morning of the day on which he a Scotchwoman and a presbyterian, had, on her died. But having been seized with a sudden atsettlement in England, warmly espoused the cause tack of Asiatic cholera, which was then commitof Wesleyan methodism, and used every endeavour ting dreadful ravages in London, he was cut off on to bias the ductile mind of her son in favour of the 26th August, 1832, maintaining to the last, that sect. Though rather dull when first amid the paroxysms and frightful bodily contorplaced at school, his faculties rapidly developed tions which that formidable pestilence produced, and gave strong pledges of his future eminence. a mind calm, collected, and firmly reposing on the Having in his seventeenth year become impressed bosom of his Saviour.-Besides his commentary, with deep views of religion, he resolved to conse- Dr. Clarke was the author of several other works, crate his future life to the service of God in the the chief of which are, The Succession of Sacred ministry of the gospel, and through the recom- Literature,' 'Memoirs of the Wesley Family,' mendation of Wesley, was sent to complete his 'Fleury's Manners of the Ancient Israelites," education at the Kingswood school. There his Shuckford's Sacred and Profane History of the taste for Hebrew and biblical studies was awak- World,' 'Sturin's Reflections, translated from the ened; and so strong a hold had a love of sacred German,' and 'Harmer's Observations.' In addiliterature taken of his mind, that even amid all tion to these he was employed several years by his wanderings and harassing difficulties as a the government in collecting materials for a new Methodist preacher, he continued with unflagging edition of 'Rymer's Foedera,' which since his death resolution to carry on his course of intellectual im- has been carried on by a commission under governprovement. He not only occupied his leisure mo- ment. [R.J.] inents while stopping at inns, but even in riding CLARKE, ALURED, au. of sermons, &c., 18th c. | CLARKE, EDWARD DANIEL, LL.D., celebrated | mation, and Repentance,' and shortly afterwards, for his travels through many countries of Europe and Asia, was born at Wellingdon, in Sussex, 5th June, 1769. His father was a clergyman of rather limited income, and died before his son's education at Cambridge was completed. After graduating, he obtained, between 1790 and 1798, several situations as resident family tutor; and as travelling tutor and companion to gentlemen of fortune, with whom he visited most parts of England and Scotland. In the latter year he was elected fellow of his college, (Jesus) and came to reside in Cambridge. In the year following he went abroad as travelling companion to Mr. Cripps, and made an extended journey, occupying three years and a-half, a most interesting account of which, originally given in 6 vols. 4to, was his principal work. In 1808, he was appointed first professor of mineralogy at Cambridge, whose museum and library he had greatly enriched by his collections. The British Museum owes to him the celebrated Sarcophagus, incorrectly called that of Alexander, as well as other objects. He took orders in 1805, and enjoyed two livings. His death occurred at London on 9th March, 1822. He was, besides, the auth. of many papers in Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, on physics, and chemistry; and of some dissertations on antiquarian subjects. [J.B.] CLARKE, H., LL.D., a mathemat., 1745-1818. CLARKE, HY. JAS. WM., Duc De Feltre, descended from a partizan of the Stuarts settled in France, min. of state under Buonaparte, 1765-1818. CLARKE, JAS. STANIER, LL.D., brother of Edward Daniel Clarke, a naval historian and founder of the 'Naval Chronicle,' died 1834. his 'Paraphrase on the Four Gospels. In 1704 he was appointed to a lectureship on the 'Evidences,' and it was in the course of the duty which this situation imposed on him, that he prepared those profound and elaborate works which have raised him to the first rank of philosophical divines, viz., A Lecture on the Being and Attributes of God,' and a second on the Evidence of Natural and Revealed Religion.' These lectures were afterwards expanded into the form of treatises; and although a diversity of opinion prevails as to the soundness and value of the à priori argument, no difference has ever existed as to the force with which Dr. Clarke has discussed the subject, and the piety which pervades the composition. The publication obtained for him a European renown as a Christian philosopher, and a more substantial reward followed in the preferments which were liberally offered to him in his own church. In 1706 he was appointed rector of St. Bennett's, Paul's Wharf, London, and though he was the reverse of a popular preacher, he showed exemplary diligence in the performance of his parochical duties. Amid his multifarious engagements his active mind found time to gratify his taste by the culture of physical science; and he published a translation of Sir Isaac Newton's Latin treatise on Optics, for which that philosopher gave him a present of £500, with the still more valuable addition of his private friendship. Dr. Clarke published a new theological treatise entitled 'The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity,' in which he is supposed to lean towards Arianism. He died very suddenly on 7th May, 1729, of an inflammatory attack. [R.J.] [J.B.] CLARKE, JOHN, a Scotch engrav., 1650-1721. CLARKE, LIEUT. WILLIAM, in conjunction CLARKE, JOIN, brother of Dr. Sam. Clarke, a with Captain Lewis, led the first great national classical scholar, author of sermons, &c., d. 1759. expedition sent out by the United States. It was CLARKE, DR. SAMUEL, the celebrated meta- planned by President Jefferson, and had for its physical divine, was born at Norwich on 11th of object to ascend the Missouri, cross the Rocky October, 1675. His father, who had held the highest Mountains, and reach the Pacific. All this was offices in that city, and was in comfortable circum- successfully accomplished between May 1804, and stances, determined to afford him the advantages May 1806. The account is full of interesting of the most liberal education, and accordingly sent adventure and romantic incident; and the journey him in due time to Caius College, Cambridge, contributed greatly to the improvement of geowhere amid the various objects of academic in-graphy. Such a route had been some time before terest, young Clarke evinced a decided preference projected by an enthusiastic individual named for theology. Engaging with untiring ardour in Jonathan Carver. the pursuit of knowledge, he acquired an extensive acquaintance with the different branches of physical sciences, especially optics, and made his first essay before the world as an author by the translation of Rohault's physics-a work which long continued to be regarded in this country as the best elementary work for students. While thus, however, improving his mind in general knowledge, his chief attention was directed to theology, and desirous of drawing his information from the fountain head, he gave himself to the earnest study of the Scriptures in the Hebrew and Greek originals. By such devotion to study, Clarke early shone by his theological attainments, and almost immediately after obtaining orders in 1669, he began his career as a theological author by publishing 'Three Practical Essays on Baptism, Confir- | CLARKSON, D., a nonconfor. div., 1622-1686. CLARKSON, THOMAS, was born on 28th March, 1760, at Wisbeach, in Cambridgeshire. His father, who was a clergyman of the Church of England, taught the free grammar school of the place, and prepared his son for entering St. John's College, Cambridge, which he did in 1783. In that college his accurate scholarship was rewarded by high honours, and the next year when the subject for prize essay among the senior Bachelors of Arts was announced to be, Anne liceat invitos in servitutem dare-is it right to make slaves against their will?' Clarkson entered the lists with increased ardour. In the course of his researches into the history and practices of the slave trade, he was led to read 'Benezet's Historical Account of Guinea;' and the perusal, which had been under Prussia to procure the abolition of the slave trade. CLEVELAND, J., a royal. and pol. wr., d. 1659. CLIFFORD, GEORGE, earl of Cumberland, one of Q. Elizabeth's most famous sea capt., 1558-1605. CLINE, HENRY, F.R.S., a surgeon, died 1827. CLINTON, SIR HENRY, commander-in-chief of the Eng. forces in America, recalled 1782, d. 1795. CLIVE, CATHERINE, an Irish actress, d. 1785. taken for a special and merely literary purpose, produced a harrowing impression on his feelings which time could not efface. Ease and tranquillity were entirely banished from his mind; and the first gleam of inward satisfaction that shone into his sensitive and Christian bosom after his introduction to Benezet, arose from his resolution to set about some practicable scheme for mitigating or prevent-son belonged to the Society of Friends, and pubing the horrors of the slave trade. The formation of such a plan was almost as difficult as its execution. But he resolved on surmounting all difficulties. The first step he took was to translate his Latin prize dissertation into English, and by diffusing information on the subject of slavery in as attractive a form as possible, arouse the interest and sympathies of the British public. His proceedings were viewed with earnest attention by several eminent philanthropists, amongst whom were Rev. James Ramsay, Lord Barham, and Granville Sharpe, Esq. By the counsel and aid of these gentlemen he procured intelligence from every vessel lying in a British harbour that had been engaged in the African trade. In addition to oral information, Mr. Clarkson endeavoured at great labour and expense to obtain specimens of the industry and manufactures of native Africans for public exhibition. And last of all, he procured an accurate engraving of a slave ship, with its cells and gratings and barricades, for the confinement of the poor unfortunate creatures that were kidnapped. The impression produced by this drawing lent, more than anything else, a powerful impulse to the cause in which he was engaged. Besides all these preliminaries, Mr. Clarkson published a pamphlet on the subject of the slave trade every year-although it was not till 1788 that his great work on the impolicy of that traffic was given to the world. Immediately after this publication he went to France for the public advocacy of the cause in that country. His benevolent exertions met with the warmest encouragement, not only from the French monarch and the celebrated Necker, who was then at the head of the government, but many of the most influential members of the national assemblies, as well as catholic prelates. He needed all this encouragement, for a host of enemies, both in Britain and on the continent, sprang up against him, consisting of parties interested in the maintenance of the slave system, and who foreseeing the hope of their gains to be gone if he should be successful in his aims, used every means, both fair and foul, to thwart his purposes, and disgust him with his task. But the fierce opposition of these enemies only made the friends of the cause rally more closely around him; and two auspicious circumstances turned the scale opportunely in his favour. The one of these was a voluntary and public offer of Samuel Whitbread, Esq., 'to make good all injuries which any individual might suffer in their business from aiding and abetting the movement;' and the other was the interview to which Clarkson was admitted with the emperor Alexander, at the congress of Aix La Chapelle in 1818, and that emperor's promise to employ his influence with his royal brothers of Austria and CLIVE. ROBERT CLIVE, born 29th Sept., 1725, was the son of a gentleman of good family, but small estate, near Market Drayton, in Shropshire. Robert was noted, in his boyhood, as a daring and unmanageable spirit; and at the age of eighteen was sent out to Madras as a writer in the Company's service-an appointment which was then regarded in a very different light to what it is now-and which Clive's friends looked on as providing for them a good riddance of a wild and unpromising youth. Our scanty possessions in India were then menaced by the French, and their native allies; and, fortunately for Clive, he was soon called on, like other merchant-clerks in India, to turn soldier in self-defence. His mercantile employment had been, in the last degree, distasteful to him; and he had twice in one day, at Madras, attempted suicide, by snapping a loaded pistol at his own head. The pistol missed fire each time. Clive asked a friend, who came into the room soon afterwards, to fire the pistol out of the window; the pistol then went off. Satisfied thus that the weapon had been duly primed and loaded, Clive sprang up, exclaiming with an oath, I must be reserved for something great,' and gave up the idea of suicide. In 1747, three years after his arrival in India, he formally abandoned the mercantile profession, and took a captain's commission. He then rapidly distinguished himself, not only as a most daring, but as a most skilful leader; |