Lulli nual applause. Lulli every year, after this time, gave a piece of his own composition, till his death, which Luna. happened in 1687. LULLY, RAYMOND, a writer on alchemy, surnamed the Enlightened Doctor, was born in the island of Majorca in 1225. He applied himself with indefatigable labour to the study of the Arabian philosophy, to chemistry, physic, and divinity; and acquired great reputation by his works. He at length went to preach the gospel in Africa; and was stoned to death in Mauritania, at the age of 80. He is honoured as a martyr at Majorca, whither his body was carried. He wrote many treatises on all the sciences, in which he shows much study and subtility, but little judgment or solidity. A complete edition of his works has been printed at Mentz. He ought not to be confounded with Raymond Lully of Terraca, surnamed Neophyta, who from being a Jew turned Dominican friar. This last Lully maintained several opinions that were condemned by Pope Gregory XI. LUMBAGO, a fixed pain in the small of the back. See MEDICINE Index. LUMBARIS, a name given to the arteries and veins which spread over the loins. LUMBRICAL, a name given to four muscles of the fingers and to as many of the toes. LUMBRICUS, the WORM, a genus of animals belonging to the order of vermes intestina. Sec HELMINTHOLOGY Index. LUMELLO, a village in Italy, which gives name to the Lumellin, a small district in the duchy of Milan, lying along the river Po, and of which Mortariaand Valencia are the principal places. It was ceded to the duke of Savoy in 1707, and confirmed by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. E. Long. 8. 42. N. Lat. 45.5 LUMINOUS, an epithet applied to any thing that shines or emits light. Bar LUMINOUS Emanations have been observed from human bodies, as also from those of brutes. The light arising from currying a horse, or from rubbing a cat's back, are known to most. Instances of a like kind have been known on combing a woman's head. tholin gives us an account, which he entitles mulier splendens, of a lady in Italy whose body would shine, whenever slightly touched with a piece of linen. These effluvia of animal bodies have many properties in common with those produced from glass; such as their being lucid, their snapping, and their not being excited without some degree of friction; and are undoubtedly electrical, as a cat's back has been found strongly electrical when stroaked. See ELECTRICITY and LIGHT. LUMINOUSNESS OF THE SEA. See LIGHT and SEA. LUMINOUSNESS of Putrescent Substances. See LIGHT. LUMP-FISH. See CYCLOPTERUS, ICHTHYOLOGY Index. LUNA, in Ancient Geography, a forest of Germany, at no great distance from the Hercynian; below which were the Boemi: it was therefore in Moravia, near the springs of the Marus, now March, which runs into the Danube over against Carnutum. LUNA, or Lunna, a town of Gallia Celtica. Now Clugny in Burgundy.. Luna # LUNA, a town and port of Liguria, at the moutli of the Macra. The town was but small, but the port large and beautiful, according to Strabo. Now extinct, Lunatic. and its ruins called Luna Distrutta. It was famous for its quarries of white marble, thence called Lunense ; . and for its cheese, remarkable rather for its size than goodness, each being a thousand weight. LUNA, in Astronomy, the moon. See ASTRONOMY, passim. LUNA, in the jargon of the alchemists, signifies silver; so called from the supposed influence of the moon thereupon. LUNA Cornca, in Chemistry, is a compound of muriatic acid with silver. See SILVER, MURIATE OF, CHEMISTRY Index. LUNACY, a species of madness. See LUNATIC, and MEDICINE Index. LUNACY, in Law. See IDIOCY and LUNATIC. LUNE MONS, in Ancient Geography, a promontory of Lusitania. Now Rock of Lisbon. W. Long. 10. N. Lat. 38. 50.--Another Luna Mons of Ethiopia, from which the Nile was supposed to take its rise. LUNA Portus, a very extensive port, or more truly a bay, of Liguria, between Portus Veneris and Portus Ericis, 20 miles in compass. Now il Golfo della Spezia, on the east coast of the territory of Genoa.. LUNAR, something relating to the Moon. LUNAR Year, consists of 354 days, or 12 synodical months. See YEAR. LUNAR Dial. See DIALLING. LUNARE os, in Anatomy, is the second bone in the first row of the carpus. It has its name from the Latin, luna," the moon," because one of its sides is in form of a crescent. LUNARIA, SATIN-FLOWER, or Moonwort; a genus of plants belonging to the tetradynamia class; and in the natural method ranking under the 39th order, Siliquosa. See BOTANY Index. LUNARIUM, in Ancient Geography, a promontory of the Hither Spain, between Blanda and Batulo. Commonly called el Cabo de Palafugel, in Catalonia, on the Mediterranean; or Cabo de Tosa, on the same coast, and in Catalonia, 15 miles from the former, to the west. LUNATIC, a person affected with that species of madness termed lunacy. The word is indeed properly applied to one that hath lucid intervals; sometimes enjoying his senses, and sometimes not; and that frequently supposed to depend on the influence of the mioon. LUNATIC, in Law. Under the general term of non compos mentis (which Sir Edward Coke says is the most legal name), are comprised not only lunatics, but persons under frenzies, or who lose. their intellects by disease; those that grow deaf, dumb, and blind, not being born so; or such, in short, as are judged by the court of chancery incapable of conducting their own affairs. To these also, as well as idiots, the king is guardian, but to a very different purpose. For the law always imagines, that these accidental misfortunes may be removed; and therefore only constitutes the crown a trustee for the unfortunate persons, to protect their property, and to account to them for all profits received, if they recover, or after their decease to their representatives Lunatic representatives. And therefore it is declared by the statute 17 Edw. II. c. 10. that the king shall provide Lundy. for the custody and sustentation of lunatics, and preserve their lands, and the profits of them, for their use when they come to their right mind; and the king shall take nothing to his own use: and if the parties die in such estate, the residue shall be distributed for their souls by the advice of the ordinary, and of course (by the subsequent amendments of the laws of administrations) shall now go to their executors or administrators. On the first attack of lunacy, or other occasional insanity, when there may be hopes of a speedy restitution of reason, it is usual to confine the unhappy objects in private custody under the direction of their nearest friends and relations; and the legislature, to prevent all abuses incident to such private custody, hath thought proper to interpose its authority, by 14 Geo. III. c. 49. for regulating private mad-houses. But when the disorder is grown permanent, and the circumstances of the party will bear such additional expence, it is thought proper to apply to the royal authority to warrant a lasting confinement. The method of proving a person non compos is very similar to that of proving him an idiot. The lord chancellor, to whom, by special authority from the king, the custody of idiots and lunatics is intrusted, upon petition or information, grants a commission in nature of the writ de idiota inquirendo, to inquire into the party's state of mind; and if he be found non compos, he usually commits the care of his person, with a suitable allowance for his maintenance, to some friend, who is then called his committee. However, to prevent sinister practices, the next heir is seldom permitted to be of this committee of the person; because it is his interest that the party should die. But it hath been said there lies not the same objection against his next of kin, provided he be not his heir; for it is his interest to preserve the lunatic's life, in order to increase the personal estate by savings, which he or his family may hereafter be entitled to enjoy. The heir is generally made the manager or committee of the estate, it being clearly his interest by good management to keep it in condition accountable, however, to the court of chancery, and to the non compos himself, if he recovers; or otherwise, to his administrators. See IDIOCY. LUNATION, the period or space of time between one new moon and another; also called synodical month. See CYCLE and EPACT. It was LUNDEN, or LUND, a considerable town of Sweden, in Gothland; and capital of the territory of Schonen, with an archbishop's see and an university ceded to the Swedes by the Danes in 1658. E. Long. 13. 25. N. Lat. 55. 40. LUNDY ISLAND, situated 50 miles in the sea, off the north-west coast of Devonshire, is five miles long and two broad, but 30 encompassed with inaccessible rocks, that it has but one entrance to it, so narrow that two men can scarcely go abreast. It is reckoned in the hundred of Brandon. It had once both a fort and a chapel. The south part of it is indifferent good soil, but the north part of it is barren, and has a high pyramidal rock called the Constable. Here are horses, kine, hogs, and goats, with great store of sheep and rabbits; but the chief commodity is fowl, with which it abounds much, their eggs being very thick on the ground at 3 Lunen their season of breeding. No venomous creature will Lindy live in this island. In the reign of Henry VIII. one William Morisco, who had conspired to murder him at Woodstock, fled to this island, which he fortified, turned pirate, and did much damage to this coast; but was taken by surprise at length, with 16 of his accomplices, and put to death. LUNE, LUNULA, in Geometry, a plane in form of a crescent or half-moon, terminated by the circumference of two circles, that intersect each other within. LUNENBURG, or LUNENBURG Zell, a principality of Germany, forming part of the kingdom of Hanover, bounded to the south by that of Calenberg, the diocese of Hildesheim, and the duchy of Brunswic; to the north, by the duchy of Lauenburg and the Elbe, by the last of which it is separated from the territory of the imperial city of Hamburgh; to the east, by the duchy of Brunswic, the Alte Mark, and the duchy of Mecklenburg; and to the west, by the duchies of Bremen and Verden, the county of Hoya, and the principality of Calenberg. The soil, except along the Elbe, Aller, and Jetz, is either sand, heath, or moor. In the more fruitful parts of it are produced wheat, rye, barley, oats, pease, buck-wheat, flax, hemp, hops, pulse, oak, beech, firs, pines, birch, and alder, together with black cattle and horses. The heaths abound with bees and honey, and a small kind of sheep whose wool is long and coarse. Lunenburg is well furnished with salt springs and limestone, and the forest of Gorde with venison. The rivers Elbe, Ilmeneau and Aller, are navigable; and consequently very advantageous to the country, independent of the fish which they yield. The general diets of this principality are convened by the sovereign twice a-year, and held at Zell. They consist of the deputies of the nobility and the towns of Lunenburg, Uelzen, and Zell, who have the nomination of the members of the high colleges, and other officers, jointly with the sovereign. There are near 200 Lutheran churches in the country, under two general and 15 subordinate superintendants, several grammar-schools, two Calvinist churches at Zell, and an academy of exercises at Lunenburg. The manufactures are chiefly linen cloth, cottons, ribbons, stockings, hats, starch, bleached wax, refined sugar, gold and silver wires, all kinds of wooden wares, barges, boats, and ships. The exports of these to Hamburgh, Lubec, and Altona, are considerable. The neighbourhood of these cities, with the facility of conveying goods and merchandise to them and other places, either by land or water, is very advantageous to this country, and contributes greatly to its subsistence. On account of this principality, the king of Great Britain has a seat and voice both in the college of the princes of the empire and of the circle of Lower Saxony. Its quota in the matricula is 20 horse and 120 foot, or 720 florins in lieu of them. The revenues of the principality arise chiefly from the demesnes, tolls on the Elbe, contributions, duties on cattle, beer, wine, brandy, and other commodities, which altogether must be very considerable, some bailiwics alone yielding upwards of 20,000 rix-dollars. LUNENBURG, the capital of the principality of the same name, is a pretty large town of Germany, on the river Elmen, or the Ilmenau, which is navigable from the town to the Elbe, at the distance of 13 miles. It is 27 miles from Hamburgb, 43 from Zell, 65 from Brunswic. burg. other of the white marbles. It has always been found Lunense in great quantities in Italy, and is so to this day. See Marmor LUNA. Lungs. LUNETTE, in Fortification, an enveloped counterguard, or elevation of earth, made beyond the second ditch, opposite to the places of arms; differing from the ravelins only in their situation. Lunettes are usually made in ditches full of water, and serve to the same purpose as faussebrayes, to dispute the passage of the ditch. See FORTIFICATION. LUNETTE, in the manege, is a half horse-shoe, or such a shoe as wants the sponge, i. e. that part of the branch which runs towards the quarters of the foot. LUNETTE is also the name of two small pieces of felt, made round and hollow, to clap upon the eyes of a vicious horse that is apt to bite, and strike with his fore feet, or that will not suffer his rider to mount him. LUNGS, in Anatomy, a part of the human body, serving for respiration. serving for respiration. See ANATOMY, N° 117. In the Journal de Médicine for June 1789, is a description of an Instrument for Inflating the LUNGS, invented by M. Gorcy, physician to the military hospital at Neufbrisack, which appears to be extremely well adapted to the pur pose, whilst it may be used with the greatest ease and facility. Lunenburg, Brunswic, 76 from Bremen, 68 from Hanover; and Lunense stands in E. Long. 10. 40. N. Lat. 53. 28. Its inMarmor habitants are reckoned at between 8000 and 9000. Formerly this was one of the Hanse towns, and an imperial city. Some derive its name from Lina, the ancient name of the Ilmenau; others from Luna, the moon, an image of which is said to have been worshipped by the inhabitants in the times of Paganism. Here were anciently several convents, viz. one of Minims, another of Premonstratensians, another of Benedictines, and a fourth of Minorites. Out of the revenues of the Benedictine monastery was founded an academy for the martial exercises, where young gentlemen of the principality of Lunenburg are maintained gratis, and taught French, fencing, riding, and dancing; but foreigners are educated at a certain fixed price. A Latin school was also founded, consisting of four classes, and well endowed out of these revenues. The superintendency and management of these, and the estates appropriated to their maintenance, belongs to the landschaft director, and the ausreiter, who are both chosen from among the Lunenburg nobility. The first came in place of the Popish abbot, and as such is head of the states of the principality, and president of the provincial college. He has the title of excellency; and In public instruments styles himself, by the grace of God landschaft director and lord of the mansion of St Michael in Lunenburg. The chief public edifices are three parish-churches, the ducal palace, three hospitals, the town-house, the salt-magazine, the anatomical theatre, the academy; the conventual church of St Michael, in which lie interred the ancient dukes, and in which is the famous table eight feet long, and four wide, plated over with chased gold, with a rim embellished with precious stones, of an immense value, which was taken from the Saracens by the emperor Otho, and presented to this church but in 1698, a gang of thieves stripped it of 200 rubies and emeralds, together with a large diamond, and most of the gold, so that at present but a small part of it remains. Here are some very rich salt springs. Formerly, when there was a great demand for the salt, upwards of 120,000 tons have been annually boiled here, and sold off; but since the commencement of the present century, the salt trade hath declined greatly. A fifth of the salt made here belongs to the king, but is farmed out. It is said to excel all the other salt made in Germany. This town is well fortified; and has a garrison, which is lodged in barracks. In the neighbourhood is a good limestone quarry; and along the Ilmenau are warehouses, in which are lodged goods brought from all parts of Germany, to be forwarded by the Ilmenau to Hamburgh, or by the Asche to Lubec, from whence other goods are brought back the same way. The town itself carries on a considerable traffic in wax, honey, wool, flax, linen, salt, lime, and beer. LUNENSE MARMOR, in the natural history of the ancients, the name of that species of white marble now known among us by the name of the Carrara marble, and distinguished from the statuary kind by its greater hardness and less splendour. It was ever greatly esteemed in building and ornamental works, and is so still. It is of a very close and fine texture, of a very pure white, and much more transparent than any This instrument, which the inventor styles apodopic, that is, "r torer of respiration," consists of a double Plate pair of bellows, BCLM, fig. 1. the two different parts CCXCVIIL of which have no communication with each other. In fig. 1. the lower side BM, is an aperture A for a valve constructed on the principles of those of Mr Nairne's airpump. It consists of a rim of copper, closed at one end by a plate of the same metal, in which plate are seven small holes placed at equal distances This plate is covered with pieces of silk coated with elastic gum, in which are six transverse incisions of two or three lines in length. Each incision is so made as to be situated between two of the holes, and at an equal distance from each: see D, fig. 2. The silk must be made very se- Fig. 2. cure by a thread passing several times round the rim. It is obvious, that a stream of air applied to that side of the plate which is opposite the silk, will pass through the holes, and lifting up the silk, escape through the incisions. On the contrary, a stream of air applied to the other side will press the silk upon the plate, and thus close the holes, so that it will be impossible for it to pass through them. This valve opens internally, so as to admit the air from without. At B is another valve, on the same construction, but opening in a contrary direction, thus permitting the air to escape out of the lower part into the tube EF, but preventing its entrance. At C is another valve, opening internally to admit the air from the tube EF; and at D there is a fourth, opening externally to discharge the air from the upper part. The flexible tube EF, screwed on at the end CB,. being introduced into one of the nostrils, whilst the mouth and the other nostril are closed by an assistant, if we separate the two handles LM, which were close together at the introduction of the tube, it is evident, that the air in the lungs will rush into the upper part through the valve C, whilst the external air will fill the lower part through the valve A: the two handles. being LUPULUS, the Hor plant. Sce HUMULUS, BoTANY Index. Langs being again brought into contact, the atmospheric air will be forced into the lungs through the valve B, and Lupinus at the same time the air in the upper part will be discharged at the valve D. Thus by the alternate play of the double bellows, the lungs will be alternately filled and emptied as in respiration. In using the instrument care should be taken not to be too violent; as the more perfectly the natural motion of respiration is imitated, the better. Fig. 3. Fig, 4. Fig. 5. To prevent any substances from without injuring the valves AD, fig. i. the rim is made with a screw, B, fig. 3. in order to receive a cap AA, fig. 3. full of small holes. This screw has also another use. If air or oxygen gas be preferred, a bladder filled with it, fig. 4. may, by means of the screw A, be fastened to the valve A, fig. 1; and, to prevent waste, as this air may serve several times, a flexible tube may be screwed on the valve D, fig. 1. communicating with the bladder by means of the opening d, fig. 4: thus it may be employed as often as the operator thinks proper. There is a handle K to the partition in the middle, in order that, if it be at any time necessary to use either of the divisions alone, the other may be confined from acting. e, b, fig. 5. represent the two valves to be applied at the end of the instrument C, B, fig. 1.; and fig. 6. is a section of the end CB, showing the valves in their proper places. It is proper to add, that the capacity of the instrument should be proportioned to the quanty of air received into the lungs in inspiration, which Dr Goodwyn has ascertained to be twelve cubical inches or somewhat more. Each division of the instrument, therefore, should be capable of containing that quantity. LUNG-Wort. See PULMONARIA, BOTANY Index. LUNISOLAR YEAR, in Chronology, the space of 532 common years; found by multiplying the cycle of the sun by that of the moon. LUNULA. See LUNE. LUPERCALIA, feasts instituted in ancient Rome, in honour of the god Pan. The word comes from Lupercal, the name of a place under the Palatine mountain, where the sacrifices were performed. The Lupercalia were celebrated on the 15th of the kalends of March, that is, on the 15th of February, or, as Ovid observes, on the 3d day after the ides. They are supposed to have been established by Evander. On the morning of this feast, the Luperci, or priests of Pan, ran naked through the streets of Rome, striking the married women they met on the hands and belly with a thong or strap of goats leather, which was held an omen promising them fecundity and happy deliveries. See LUPERCI. This feast was abolished in the time of Augustus ; but afterwards restored, and continued to the time of the emperor Anastasius.-Baronius says it was abolish ed by the pope in 496. LUPERCI, a name given to the priests of the god Pan. See LUPERCALIA. The luperci were the most ancient order of priests in Rome; they were divided into two colleges or companies, the one called Fabii and the other Quintili. To these Cæsar added a third, which he called Julii. LUPINUS, LUPINE; a genus of plants belonging to the diadelphia class; and in the natural method rank LUPUS, the WOLF. Sec CANIS, MAMMALIA Index. LUPUS Marinus, the Sea-wolf, a fish. See ANARRHICAS, ICHTHYOLOGY Indɛx. LUPUS, in Astronomy. See ASTRONOMY Inder. LURCHER, a kind of hunting-dog, much like a mongrel greyhound, with pricked ears, a shagged coat, and generally of a yellowish white colour: they are very swift runners, so that if they get between the burrows and the conies they seldom miss; and this is their common practice in hunting; yet they use other subtiltics, as the tumbler does, some of them bringing in their game, and those are the best. It is also observable, that a lurcher will run down a bare at stretch. LURE, in falconry, a device of leather, in the shape of two wings, stuck with feathers, and baited with a piece of flesh, to call back a hawk when at considerable distance. LURGAN, a town in the county of Armagh and province of Ulster in Ireland, 66 miles from Dublin, It is a flourishing town, agreeably situated in the midst of a much improved country; and the inhabitants are extensively engaged in the linen manufacture. It stands on a gentle eminence, about two miles from LoughNeagh, of which it commands a most beautiful and extensive prospect. N. Lat. 54. 35. W. Long. 6. 31. LORGAN-GREEN, a town of Ireland, in the county of Louth and province of Leinster, 37 miles from Dublin; a mile beyond which is a handsome scat of the earl of Charlemont. LURIDE, the name of the 28th order in Linnæus's fragments of a natural method. See BOTANY, Natural Orders. LUSATIA, a marquisate of Germany, in Upper Saxony, subject to Prussia; bounded to the cast by Silesia, to the west by Misnia, to the south by Bohemia, and to the north by the marquisate of Brandenburgh. Till towards the middle of the 15th century, the Upper Lusatia was called the Mark, i. e. the marquisate or the land of Bu diszin and Gorlitz; and the Lower only Lusatia, which it is said, in the Sclavonic, signifies" a woody or marshy country." The air of the Upper Lusatia, which is hilly or mountainous, is better than that of the lower, a great part of which is moorish and Log Of Both abound in wood, especially the Lower, and turf for fuel. The heathy and mountainous tracts are generally barren; but the lower champaign and marsh lands are tolerably fertile, producing pasture, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buck-wheat, pease, lentils, beans, and millet; together with flax, hops, tobacco, some white and red wine, and what is called manna. several of these articles, however, considerable quantities are imported. In this country are found also quarries of stone, medicinal springs, bastard diamonds, agates, and jaspers, earths and clays for tobacco. pipes and all sorts of earthen ware, alum, good iron stone, vitriolic and copper water; nor is it destitute of cattle, fish, and venison. The rivers Sprce, the Schwarze or Black Elster, and the Pulznitz, have 4 their Lusatia. |