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THE

ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION

OF

ENERGY.

52826

A MANUAL FOR THE DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS.

BY

ARTHUR VAUGHAN ABBOTT, C.E.,

=

CHIEF ENGINEER CHICAGO TELEPHONE CO., MEMBER AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERS, MEMBER AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS,

JUNIOR AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.

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Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1895, by

ARTHUR V. ABBOTT,

In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

TYPOGRAPHY BY C. J. PETERS & SON, BOSTON.

PRESSWORK BY L. BARTA & COMPANY.

PREFACE.

ume.

It has been tritely remarked that "There is nothing new under the sun." In view of this sapient aphorism the reader will not expect to find much that is strange or remarkable in the present volBooks, however, are something like kaleidoscopes, in which ideas, like the bits of colored glass, resolve themselves into innumerable stellate forms, presenting to the inspector picture after picture, each of seemingly different origin from the preceding ones. While investigating a subject, it has been the custom of the author to obtain all the works by different writers on the question under consideration, and to read them successively; thereby viewing the matter from a number of different standpoints. He has found this an exceedingly valuable way of acquiring information, and remembers with the liveliest sense of gratitude the various expositors from whose differing horizons he has scanned the landscape of complicated topics.

The present volume has been prepared chiefly from the aspect of the author's experience, and is an endeavor to collect and arrange in an accessible and convenient form the data necessary to the scientific designing and proportioning of Electrical Circuits. No attempt has been made to describe any Central Station machinery; for the scope of the volume would not permit of an extension beyond the material relevant to the "Transmission of Energy," so aptly and untranslatably termed by the French "Canalisation."

The opening chapters are devoted to an outline of Circuits, and to an annunciation of the principles and laws governing Conductors and Insulators. This is followed by a discussion of the methods of constructing Aerial Lines and description of Underground Conduits

and Conductors. Succeeding these, a chapter is devoted to Testing Instruments, and one to the Methods of Measuring and Inspecting Lines, and of determining and remedying any faults that may be found to exist. In Chapters VII. and VIII., the laws of Continuous and Alternating Circuits are exhibited. Subsequently, distribution proper is treated in three chapters, under the heads of "Series Distribution," "Parallel Distribution," and "Miscellaneous Methods." In the concluding chapter, a rough approximation is given for obtaining the cost of Circuits and cost of the production of Electrical Energy.

It has been the attempt of the author to herein collate such methods of Circuit Construction, in connection with tabulated data, as have been sanctioned by the best practice, both in this country. and in Europe. No attempt has been made to render the volume an encyclopedia; and, therefore, all matter obsolete or antiquated has been rejected, and only such is presented as seems to be fully warranted by the present state of the art. Wherever possible, the lines along which future practice is likely to lie have been indicated. The chapters on measuring instruments and methods of testing have been carefully abridged to include only such information as is valuable to the practicing engineer, laboratory appurtenances and methods being entirely eliminated. In a large proportion of the methods of measurement, the simple literal formulæ for the solution of the problem in question are given, without any attempt at the necessary demonstration of the truth of the same. Inasmuch, however, as nearly all such formulæ are directly derivable from the laws of Ohm and Kirchhoff, involving only algebraic processes, the reader can easily deduce the equations for himself. For a more complete exposition of the methods of measurement, the reader is referred to the works of Hospitalier, Gerard, Weiller & Vivarez, Kempe, and Monroe & Jameson. In the chapters on Distribution, sufficient importance is attached to the subject to give the mathematical discussion in full, involving, however, only the simplest applications of the calculus. Wherever practicable, liberal use of illustrations has been made; for

1

ocular demonstration is always much clearer and more concise than any verbal description.

To the works of Picou, Hospitalier, Cadiat, Gerard & Weiller, Kempe, Thomson, Kennelly, Ayrton, Perry, Preece, and Heaviside, and to the "Transactions of the Electrical Engineers," the London Electrician, the Electrical World, the Electrical Engineer, and La Lumière Électrique, also the Street Railway Journal, the author has long been indebted for information that has happily led to the successful construction of many transmission plants, and which, passed through the sieve of experience, is here presented to the public; and for benefits thus derived, he has long wished for an opportunity to gratefully acknowledge his obligation. Acknowledgment is particularly due to Mr. F. J. Dommerque, for aid in the preparation of many of the tables, and in verification of the proof-sheets. Convinced, from the standpoint of experience, of the utility of the information, the author trusts that the electrical section of the engineering profession may find the present presentation of value in practical construction.

CHICAGO, ILL., Jan. 15, 1895.

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