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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Introduction.
1
Distribution in General.— Distribution in Series.- Distribution in Parallel. - Mixed
Systems. Indirect Distribution.
-
The Properties of Wire
CHAPTER II.
4
The Conducting Circuit.- Wire Manufacture. - Hard Drawing. - Wire Gauges. The
Circular Mil. Copper Wire.— Properties of Wire. - Composite Wire. — Galvanizing and
Tinning. Insulated Wire. - Flexible Cable. - Testing and Inspection. - Wire Specifica-
tions. Tension of Aerial Lines. - The Influence of the Variation of Temperature.
CHAPTER III.
The Construction of Aerial Circuits
PART I.— - GENERAL LINE WORK.
36
Classification.- Aerial Lines. — Poles. — Methods of Preservation. - Height of Poles. -
Cross-Arms. Pins. - Facing of Arms.-Stresses. Calculation for Pole Strength. - Guy-
ing. Anchor Poles. - Setting Poles. — Insulators. — Value of Insulators.- Oil Insulators. —
Tying and Dead-Ending. — Loops. - Stringing Wires. - Wire Joints.-Strength of Joints.
The Suspension of Aerial Cables. Humming of Wires.- Transposition of Telephone Lines.
- Power Circuits.- Pole-Line Specifications.
PART II.- ELECTRIC RAILWAY CIRCUITS.
Electric Railway Circuits. Railway Return Circuit. Electrolytic Action. — Railway
Poles. Wooden Poles. - Iron Poles. Feed Wire Insulators and Pole Tops.- Trolley In-
sulators. Railway Line Work. - Strain Insulators. Anchors. Line Sections. - Switches.
-Line Crossings.
Lightning Guards and Strong Current Arresters. - High Resistance Arrester. Mag-
netic Blow-out Arrester. - Mechanical Magnet Arrester.-Air Expansion Arrester.-Non-arcing
Metal Arrester. - Discriminating Arresters. - Automatic Cut-outs.- Cable and Switchboard
Protectors. Appendix of Insurance Regulations.
Classification.-Valentine Conduit. - Wyckoff Conduit. - Paper Conduit. - Pipe Con-
Dorset Conduit. - Chenowith Conduit. Terra-Cotta Conduits. - Crompton System.
- Brooks System. - Johnstone System. - Kennedy System.St. James System. Inflexible
vii
--
Systems. Callender Solid System. - Cologne Conduit. - Zurich Conduit. Manholes. -
Junction Boxes for Street Railway Feeds. - Introduction of Circuits. Pneumatic Rodding.
Electric Railway Conduits. Buda-Pesth Conduit. - Blackpool Conduit. - Love
Lenox Avenue Conduit. Metallic Conduits for Alternating Currents.
Gas.
Conduit.
PART II.—CABLES AND CONDUIT CONDUCTORS.
Conduit Conductors. - Armored Cables. The Siemens Cable. The Edison System.
- The Ferranti Mains. - Telegraph Cables. - Subaqueous Cables.- Power Circuits. - Paper
Cables. Telephone Cables. — British Post-Office Cables. - The Patterson Cable. Glover
Cables. Fowler-Waring Cables. — Felten-Guilleaume Cable. Beaded Cables. - Cable Joints.
- The Connection of Underground and Aerial Systems. - Cable Heads.
CHAPTER V.
Electrical Instruments.
198
Classification. - Instruments for Measurement of Resistance. Wheatstone Bridge.-
Slide Wire Bridge. - Ohm-meter. Instruments for Measuring Quantity and Pressure. — D'Ar-
sonval Galvanometer. Ballistic Galvanometer. - Galvanometer Constants..
Zero and Inferred Zero. Shunts. Weston Instruments. — Cardew Voltmeter.-
Voltmeter. Siemens Dynamometer.
Wattmeters. Keys.
Ground Indicators. Boyer Speed Recorder.
ment of Resistance by Deflection. - By Wheatstone Bridge. By Voltmeter. By Volt and
Ammeter. Measurement of Small Resistance. - High Resistance. - Insulation Resistance.
By Loss of Charge. Line Resistance. — Ground Resistance. — Special Methods for Galva-
nometer Resistance. - For Battery Resistance. - Potential Difference. By Condenser. -
Wheatstone's Method. - -Lumsden's Method. Measurement of Current Strength by Amme-
ter. By Voltmeter. - By Differential Galvanometer. By Slide Wire. Measurement of
Thomson's Method.. Gott's Method. - Divided Charge Method. Localization
of Faults. Blavier's Method. Overlap Method. Loop Test. - Murray's and Varley's
Methods. Localization of Crosses.- Measurement of Inductance.- By Condenser and Bridge.
With Alternating Current.- Mutual Inductance. - Measurement on Alternating Currents.
Difference of Potential. - Current.- Power by two Voltmeters. - By three Ammeters. -
Measurement on Polyphase Circuits. Electrical Railway Testing. -Capacity of Aerial
Lines. -The Inductance of Aerial Lines. Mutual Inductance on Transmission Lines.
Conductors. Resistance. - Ohm's Law. - Specific Resistance. - Effect of Temperature.
- Resistance of Dielectrics. Line Leakage. - Distribution of Potential. - The Effect of
Leakage. Conductance. Distribution of Potential in Branch Circuits.
Location of Circuits. Bare Wires Freely Suspended. — Radiation and
Paneled Wire.- Insulated Wire Freely Suspended. - Rheostats and Heaters.
- Cost of Electric Heating. Fuse Wires. — Heating of Insulated Cables. - Heating of Con-
duit Cables. Heating of Suspended Cables.
CHAPTER VIII.
Conductors for Alternating Currents
. . 311
General Considerations. — Classification.—Skin Effect.- Current Density. - Inductance.
- Magnetic Field. — Electro-motive Force due to Varying Field. - Equation of Energy.-
Harmonic Motion. - Average Values. - The Solution of the Energy Equation. Effect of
Mutual Inductance. - General Energy Equation for Mutually Inductive Circuits.- Coefficients
of Inductance. Effect of Capacity. - Solution of the Energy Equation for Circuits with Ca-
pacity. The Energy Equation for Circuits containing Resistance, Inductance, and Capacity.
-Graphical Methods. Vector Quantities. - Composition and Resolution of E.M.F.–
Simple Circuits with one Resistance and Inductance in Series. - Reactance. Impedance.
Resistance Variable. - Inductance Variable. - Simple Circuits with Several Resistances
and Inductances in Series. - Simple Circuits with one Resistance and Capacity in Series.—
Simple Circuits with Several Resistances, Inductances, and Capacities in Series. Circuits
with Resistance, Inductance, and Capacity in Parallel. Method of Equivalent Resistance
and Inductance. - Circuits containing Mutual Inductance. - Impedance Tables.
CHAPTER IX.
Series Distribution
Origin. Classification.
372
Constant Current Circuits with Generator and Motor at Fixed
Distances. Location of Station. Current Density in Main Circuit. - Economic Conditions.
-Design for Heating-Limit. - Design for Mechanical Strength. - Minimum First Cost of
Line. Minimum First Cost of Station. - Minimum First Cost of Plant, and Minimum Cost
of Maintenance and Operation. - Design for Minimum First Cost of Plant. - Design for Best
Service. Minimum Cost of Plant for Maximum Income. — Calculation of Loads. - Regula-
tion. Automatic Cut-outs.
CHAPTER X.
402
Parallel Distribution.
The Evolution of the Parallel System. Methods of Distribution. - The Loop System.
-The Spiral Loop. The Tree System. The Closet System.Conical Conductors.
Anti-Parallel Feeding. - Distribution of Potential. - Cylindrical Conductors, Parallel Feed-
ing. Cylindrical Conductors, Anti-Parallel Feeding. - Conical Conductors, Parallel Feeding.
- Conical Conductors, Anti-Parallel Feeding. Three-Wire System.. Multiple-Series Sys-
tem. Five-Wire System. - Relative Area covered by the Multiple-Wire Systems. - Feeder and
Main System.Location of Central Station.— Location of the Feeders and Centers of Dis-
tribution. Distributing-Mains. Calculation of Feeders. Efficiency of Conductors.
Methods of Regulation. The Compensator. The Compensator in Electrical Railway Work.
- Fall of Pressure and Necessary Section for Feeders. - Laws of Economy and Feeder Design.
General Design for a System in Multiple Arc.- - Mechanical Methods. Station Loads.
Arc Lamps on Constant Potential Circuits. - Electric Railway Wiring. - Three-Wire Rail-
way Systems.
Motor Transformers. - Compensators. - Motor Transformers Running and Feeding in
Series. High and Low Potential Distribution from the same Station.- Accumulators. -
Sub-Station Accumulators. Accumulator Distribution. Regulation by means of Accumula-
tors. Transformers. - Economy in Conductors. Isolated Transformers. Efficiency of
Distribution by Isolated Transformers. — Transformers as Sub-Stations. - Polyphase Systems.
- Long-Distance Plants. - Long-Distance Transmission with Continuous Currents. - Line Construction for Long-Distance Transmission. Relative Amount of Conducting Material for Transmission Systems.
CHAPTER XII.
The Cost of Production and Distribution
528
Cost of Conductors.- Cost of Conduits. - Telephone and Telegraph Lines. - Railway
Lines. Cost of Power-Stations. Cost of Producing Energy. - Coal Consumption per Watt
Hour. - - Water-Power. - The Gas-Engine. The Cost of Electrical Energy, as developed by
Wind-Power. The Actual Cost of Electrical Energy. - Commercial Considerations of Trans-
mission Problems.