CHAPTER III. Influence of the Progress of Industry and
Population on Rents, Profits, and Wages.

Page

276

280

§ 1. First case; population increasing, capital stationary

2. Second case; capital increasing, population stationary.

3. Third case; population and capital increasing equally, the

arts of production stationary..

4. Fourth case; the arts of production progressive, capital

and population stationary. .

5. Fifth case; all the three elements progressive

281

282

289

CHAPTER IV. Of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum.

§ 1. Doctrine of Adam Smith on the competition of capital. . 294

2. Doctrine of Mr. Wakefield respecting the field of employ-

ment. .

3. What determines the minimum rate of profit.

4. In opulent countries, profits habitually near to the mini-

296

298

mum . .

301

5.

-

- prevented from reaching it by commercial revulsions

6. by improvements in production.

7.

- by the importation of cheap necessaries and instruments 308

-

CHAPTER V. Consequences of the Tendency of Profits to a

Minimum.

§ 1. Abstraction of capital not necessarily a national loss
2. In opulent countries, the extension of machinery not detri-
mental but beneficial to labourers .

CHAPTER VI. Of the Stationary State.

§ 1. Stationary state of wealth and population, dreaded and

CHAPTER VII. On the Probable Futurity of the Labouring

Classes.

§ 1. The theory of dependence and protection no longer appli-

cable to the condition of modern society. .

Page

327

2. The future well-being of the labouring classes principally

dependent on their own mental cultivation.

332

3. Probable effects of improved intelligence in causing a

better adjustment of population-Would be promoted

by the social independence of women.

334

4. Tendency of society towards the disuse of the relation of

hiring and service

335

7. Competition not pernicious, but useful and indispensable.

BOOK V.

OF THE INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT.

364

CHAPTER I. Of the Functions of Government in general.

CHAPTER II. Of the General Principles of Taxation.

§ 1. Four fundamental rules of taxation

2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation

3. Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of

income?

380

382

384

4. Should the same percentage be levied on perpetual and on

terminable incomes?

390

5. The increase of the rent of land from natural causes a fit

subject of peculiar taxation.

6. A land tax, in some cases, not taxation, but a rent-charge

in favour of the public.

CHAPTER III. Of Direct Taxes.

§ 1. Direct taxes either on income or on expenditure.

2. Taxes on rent

3. -on profits

5. An Income Tax

6. A House Tax.

CHAPTER IV. Of Taxes on Commodities.

§ 1. A Tax on all Commodities would fall on profits

2. Taxes on particular commodities fall on the consumer

3. Peculiar effects of taxes on necessaries

421

422

424

4.

-

how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum 427

5. Effects of discriminating duties

433

6. Effects produced on international exchange by duties on

exports and on imports

§ 1. Arguments for and against direct taxation.
2. What forms of indirect taxation most eligible.
3. Practical rules for indirect taxation

CHAPTER VII. Of a National Debt.

§ 1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by

loans?...

465

2. Not desirable to redeem a national debt by a general con-

tribution

3. In what cases desirable to maintain a surplus revenue for

the redemption of debt

471

CHAPTER VIII. Of the Ordinary Functions of Govern-

ment considered as to their Economical Effects.

Page

§ 1. Effects of imperfect security of person and property

2. Effects of over-taxation

3. Effects of imperfection in the system of the laws, and in

the administration of justice.

479

CHAPTER X. Of Interferences of Government grounded on

Erroneous Theories.

§ 1. Doctrine of Production to Native Industry

2. Usury Laws .

3. Attempts to regulate the prices of commodities
4. Monopolies

5. Laws against Combination of Workmen

6. Restraints on opinion or on its publication.

CHAPTER XI. Of the Grounds and Limits of the Laisser-

faire or Non-Interference Principle.

§ 1. Governmental intervention distinguished into authorita-

tive and unauthoritative

2. Objections to government intervention-the compulsory
character of the intervention itself, or of the levy of
funds to support it . .

3. — increase of the power and influence of government

545

547

549

552

554

556

-

4. increase of the occupations and responsibilities of

5.

-

-

government. ..

superior efficiency of private agency, owing to stronger
interest in the work

6. importance of cultivating habits of collective action in

the people . .

7. Laisser-faire the general rule

8.

but liable to large exceptions. Cases in which the

consumer is an incompetent judge of the commodity.

Education.

9. Case of persons exercising power over others. Protec-

tion of children and young persons; of the lower ani-

mals. Case of women not analogous .

10. Case of contracts in perpetuity.

11. Cases of delegated management .

12. Cases in which public intervention may be necessary to

give effect to the wishes of the persons interested.

Examples: hours of labour; disposal of colonial lands.

13. Case of acts done for the benefit of others than the per-

sons concerned. Poor Laws

15. other miscellaneous examples

16. Government intervention may be necessary in default of

private agency, in cases where private agency would be

more suitable.

560

564

568

569

572

577

580

587

589