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CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE SCIENCE.
-
Definition of the Science-its Importance-Causes of its being
neglected in Greece and Rome, and in the Middle Ages -
Evidence on which its Conclusions are founded-Rise of the
Science in Modern Europe-Mercantile System-System of
M. Quesnay and the French Economists-Publication of the
"Wealth of Nations". -Distinction between Politics and
Statistics and Political Economy,
Page
1
PART I.
PRODUCTION AND ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH.
CHAPTER I.
Definition of Production-Labour the only Source of Wealth,
CHAPTER II.
Progressive Nature of Man-Means by which the Productive
Powers of Labour are increased.-SECTION I. Right of Pro-
perty.-SECTION II. Division of Employments.-SECTION III.
Accumulation and Employment of Capital-Definition and
Source of Profit-Circumstances most favourable for the
Accumulation of Capital, .
61
74
CHAPTER III.
Definition and Growth of Credit-Contributes to facilitate Pro-
duction by distributing Capital in the most advantageous
manner-Circulation of Bills, &c.,
CHAPTER IV.
Circumstances which led to the Introduction and Use of Money
-Qualities which a Commodity used as Money should pos-
sess-Coinage-Variations in the Value of Money-Intro-
duction and Use of Paper Money and Bills of Exchange,
CHAPTER V.
Division of Employments among different Countries, or Com-
merce-Wholesale and Retail Dealers-Influence of Im-
proved Means of Communication-Mode in which Commerce
contributes to increase Wealth-Restrictions on Commerce,
for the Promotion of Domestic Industry and National Secu-
rity-Influence of these Restrictions-Duties on Imports,
CHAPTER VI.
Different Employments of Capital and Labour-Agriculture,
Manufactures, and Commerce, equally advantageous-The
Investment of Capital in different Businesses determined by
the Rate of Profit which they respectively yield-Manufac-
tures not productive of increased Mortality, nor unfavourable
to the Intelligence of the Work-people-Dangers incident
to the excessive growth of Manufactures-Influence of Com-
merce on Public Spirit,
CHAPTER VII.
Improvements in Machinery similar in their Effects to Im-
provements in the Skill and Dexterity of the Labourer—
Do not occasion a Glut of Commodities-Sometimes force
Workmen to change their Employments-Have no Tendency
to lessen, but most commonly increase the Demand for La-
bour-Case supposed by Mr Ricardo-Causes of Gluts-Not
occasioned by a deficiency of Money, but are frequently
occasioned by sudden changes in its Quantity and Value-
Circumstances which occasion Miscalculations on the Part
of the Producers,
125
131
139
171
197
CHAPTER VIII.
Population proportioned to the Means of Subsistence-Moral
Restraint-Capacity of the Principle of Population to repair
the Ravages of Plagues and Famines-Comparative Increase
of Population in New and Old-settled Countries-Law of
Increase a powerful Incentive to Industry-Promotes the
Civilisation and Happiness of Mankind-Practice of Infan-
ticide Foundling Hospitals,
CHAPTER IX.
Object of Insurance-Calculation of Chances-Advantages of
Insurance-Amount of Property Insured-Life Insurance;
Objections to, and Advantages of,
227
249
CHAPTER X.
Interference of Government with the Pursuits and Property of
Individuals-Cases in, and Objects for which such Inter-
ference is necessary- Limits within which it should be
confined,
ᏢᎪᎡᎢ II.
VALUE AND PRICE.
Exchangeable Value-How it is determined-Conditions re-
quired to render a Commodity invariable in its Exchangeable
Value-Cost or Real Value-How it is determined-Condi-
tions required to render a Commodity invariable in its Cost
-Quantity of Labour required to produce a Commodity
different from the Quantity for which it will exchange-
Corn not invariable in its Value-Changes in the Value of
Money,.
Cost of Production the grand regulating Principle of exchange-
able Value and Price-Influence of Variations in the De-
mand for and Supply of Commodities over Prices-Influence
of Monopolies Average Price coincident with Cost of Pro-
duction,
262
312
328
Influence of Mercantile Speculations on Price-Difference be-
tween Speculation and Gambling-Speculations in Corn
beneficial to the Public, but dangerous to the Dealers-
Imitative Speculation-Influence of Knowledge on Specu-
lation,
336
Effect of the Employment of Capital in Production, and of
Variations in the Rates of Wages and Profits on Value—
(1) When the Capitals employed in Production are of the
same Degree of Durability; and (2) when they are of different
Degrees of Durability-A High Rate of Wages does not lay
the Commerce of a Country under any Disadvantage,
353
PART III.
DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH.
Wages in the different Departments of Industry-Causes of
their Apparent Discrepancy-Really approach very near to
Equality,.
381
Circumstances which determine the Rate of Wages. SEC-
TION I. MARKET OR ACTUAL WAGES-Depend on the Pro-
portion between Capital and Population-Identity of the
interests of the Capitalists with those of the Labourers. SEC-
TION II. NATURAL OR NECESSARY WAGES-Depend on the
Species and Quantity of Food and other Articles required
for the Consumption of the Labourer. Different in different
Countries and Periods-Effect of Fluctuations in the Rate
of Wages on the Condition of the Labouring Classes —Ad-
vantage of a High Rate of Wages-Disadvantage of having
the Labourers dependent for support on the cheapest Species
of Food-Circumstances affecting the Condition of the La-
bourers-Education-Influx of Irish Labourers-Task-work
-Limiting the Hours of Labour-High Wages not a Cause of
Idleness Comparative Cheapness of Free and Slave Labour.
SECTION III. PROPORTIONAL WAGES-Depend partly on the
Amount and Species of the Articles consumed by the La-
bourers, and partly on the Productiveness of Industry. SEC-
TION IV. DIFFERENCE IN THEIR INFLUENCE OVER WAGES
BETWEEN A DEMAND FOR LABOUR, AND A DEMAND FOR THE
PRODUCTS OF LABOUR, .
Impotent Poor should be provided for by a Poor's Rate-Ques-
tions as to the best means of providing for the Able-bodied
Poor-Arguments in favour of a Compulsory Provision—Ob-
jections to it-May be so administered as to obviate most of
these Objections - Operation of the English Poor Laws-
New Poor Law,
396
445
Education of the Poor-Importance of a National System of
Education-Difficulties in the way of its Establishment-
Influence of Friendly Societies and Savings Banks,
Conflicting Opinions with respect to the Origin of Rent-Theory
of Dr Anderson-Nature and Progress of Rent-Not a Cause
but a Consequence of the High Value of Raw Produce-
Does not enter into Price-Distinction between Agriculture
and Manufactures-Rents depend partly on the Extent to
which Tillage has been carried, and partly on Situation-
Inequality of Mischievous Operation of Taxes on Rent, .
Influence of Improvements-Slowness with which they spread
-Beneficial to all Classes-Different Methods of Letting
Lands-Remarks upon those Methods-Increase and Reduc-
tion of Rents-Regulations as to Management-Size of Farms
-Influence of the granting of the Elective Franchise to
Tenants over Agriculture-Profits of Farmers,
Division of the Produce of Industry, under Deduction of Rent,
between Capitalists and Labourers-Definition of Profits-Mr
Ricardo's Theory of Profits; Sense in which it is true-
473
482
503