crab, of apples of all kinds; and corn, the improvement of grass. Potatoes. The best potatoes do not contain a fourth of the nutritive matter of wheaten flour. They are chiefly valuable to dilute food that contains a large proportion of albuminous matter. If man were to feed exclusively on animal food, a vast train of evils would arise; and therefore, by partaking of it moderately, while he supplies the stomach with a sufficiency for the exercise of its functions, by some such article of diet as potatoes he keeps up a proper balance, tending to a healthy state of body. Potatoes ought always to be fully ripe and well cooked, and not eaten with a "hard heart." The manner of cookery, as to boiled, roasted, or baked, is of no importance. It is said, if boiled with their "jackets" on they are more nourishing, but, if peeled before boiling, more easily digested. Spinach, when tender and fresh, is easily digested. It acts as a stimulant to the stomach and bowels, and is gently laxative in many instances. Turnips ought to be young, otherwise they are apt to be slow of digestion, and annoy the digestive powers. Cabbages and Greens, if young and quite fresh, are wholesome, but if even a day old they frequently ferment and produce wind and acidity during digestion, which occupies some time. The less fibrous they are the better. ·Carrots and Parsnips are nutritious, but rather difficult of digestion with some persons. Green Peas are best when young. When old they are highly nutritious, but do not agree with those who have bad digestion. Broad and Windsor Beans ought only to be eaten by those who have out-door exercise. Dried Peas or Beans are very nutritive, but slow of digestion. Watercress or Garden Mustard stimulates the stomach and promotes appetite. Lettuce, if found easy of digestion, with a little salt, is suitable to the stomach, and may be eaten, as in the north, with sugar and vinegar, or, as dressed on the continent, with vinegar, mustard and oil. It is best when young and quickly grown, as its narcotic principle is not so great as when old, and its fibres being tender, digestion is more easy. Celery ought to be eaten when young and tender, and is more easily digested when boiled. Radishes are only good when young and scraped. Leeks and Onions do not agree with weak stomachs; they are valuable in cold and humid atmospheres, and where the diet is meagre, as on the Continent, and among labourers whose wages do not afford a nourishing diet. They are conducive to health. A little parsley takes off the disagreeable odour of the breath arising from their being eaten. Cucumbers.-Persons having a bad digestion ought never to eat this watery and cooling vegetable. Vinegar and salt and pepper are condiments that should always be used with it. The French convert vegetables of all kinds into wholesome and somewhat nutritious soups, which, by the addition of a little spice and flavouring, have become favourite dishes with all classes. Sugar is highly nutritious, adding to the fatty tissue of the body, but is not easy of digestion. Honey seldom disagrees with the stomach; it ought not to be quite freed from the wax of the comb, when used as an article of diet; it is greatly laxative. Treacle, though like most highly saccharine bodies, irritating to the digestive system, is preferable to sugar, and at the same time has laxative properties. Olive Oil, like butter, is slow of digestion; from continental nations eating less frequently than we do, and consequently there being many hours for the digestion of food, it may be found useful in giving employment to the stomach. Vinegar is apt to derange the functions of digestion; yet, where the food is of an oily nature, or not fresh, it aids digestion, and prevents bad effects; this is especially the case on a voyage where salt meat is often eaten. Salt is imperatively required with ments-partnerships-travelling, &c. Send the time of your birth, and twenty-two uncut stamps to Mr. DAVID STELLA; 2, Johnstreet, Portland town, London. NAEVUSOLOGY-MOLES: their Signification and Influence on the Past, Present, and Future Events of Life Professor BURLINGTON, on receipt of a letter (prepaid), containing Thirteen uncut postagestamps, and describing accurately the position, size, shape, and colour of any Moles, on whatever part of the body, will send an explanation of their signification, characteristic of the disposition, temper, and tendencies of those that bear them; describing their mental and moral qualities, whether good or bad; with their past, present, and future influence on the events of life. This extraordinary science, the result of years of study, will astonish and gratify the most prejudiced disbeliever in Occult Science. Address, Professor BURLINGTON, Paradise Cottage, 9, Upper Marsh, Lambeth, London. A RETIRED CONFECTIONER continues to send a choice Receipt and Instructions for making extra superior PASTRY, which cannot be surpassed During the last year it has been proved and given the highest satisfaction and delight to hundreds, as the many letters from highly respectable ladies will testify. It will be sent for Thirteen postage-stamps, a directed envelope, and pre-paid letter, addressed to E. H. F., 45, Howard-street, Reading. COURTSHIP MADE EASY; or, How to Win a Lover.-Miss WELLS continues to send free to any address, plain directions to enable ladies or gentlemen to win the affections of as many of the opposite sex as their hearts may desire. The proposal is simple, but so captivating and enthralling that all may be married, irrespective of age, appearance, or position. Young and old, peer and peeress, as well as the peasant, are subject to its influence; and last, it can be arranged with such ease and delicacy that detection is impossible. Address, Miss WELLS, 1, Market-street, Caledonian road, London, enclosing thirteen post-stamps, and receive full particulars in course of post. SECRETS WORTH KNOWING.-Miss WELLS is willing to communicate, on receipt of thirteen stamps, a number of very important and profitable "Secrets" of great value to all, but especially to the fair sex. This advertisement is bona fide and honourable. HENRI, THE CLAIRVOYANT, is again in London; any three questions of the past, present, and future, will be truthfully answered by enclosing age, sex and 18 stamps to M. HENRI, 98, Berwick-street, Soho, London. Sporting questions answered -KNOW THYSELF: The sec et art of discovering the true character of individuals from the peculiarities of their handwriting, has long been practised by Emelie Henr with astonishing success. Her startling delineations are both full and detailed, differing from anything hitherto attempted All persons wishing to "know themselves," or any friend in whom they are interested, must send a specimen of their writing, stating age and sex (enclosing_thirteen penny postage stamps), to EMELIE HENRI, 98, Berwick street, Soho, London, and they will receive in a few days a minute detail of the moral and mental qualities, talents, tastes, affections, virtues, failings, &c., of the writer, with many other things hitherto unsuspected. KNOW THYSELF! ELLEN GRAHAM continues to give her useful and interesting delineations of character, discoverable by a graphilogical examination of the handwriting. All persons desirous of knowing them. selves, or the peculiar characteristics of any friend in whom they are interested, must send a spec men of the writ ng, s ating sex and age, and enclosing the fee of 13 penny postage stamps to Miss GRAHAM, 14, Handcourt, Holborn, London, and they will receive in a few days a minute detail of the talents, tastes, affections, virtues, failings, &c., of the writer, with many other things hitherto unsu pected.-"Iam pleased with the accurate description you have given of myself." Miss Smith.-"My friends pronounce it to be faithful." Mr. C. Gorwyer.-"Your skill is certainly wonderful." Mr. G. Sharppenton." I am surprised and pleased with your truthful delineations of my character." Miss Whitting."I fully coincide with your estimate of his character." Miss Thompson. -"I consider you have described her character very accurately."-J. Nye, Esq.-" This is the fifth time you have been perfectly successiul." Wm. Cowper. Esq-"Miss Graham has established the truth of the science of Graphiology, by several years' successful practice of it."-Family Herald. YOUR DESTINY.-NATIVITIES CALCULATED, and questions carefully and correctly solved, by Professor Bell, 1, Market-street, Caledonian-road, Islington,--Fee 2s. 6d. by stamps. KNOW THYSELF.-The secret art of discovering the true character of individuals from the peculiarities of their handwriting, has long been practised by Professor Bell, with astonishing success. His startling de lineations are both full and detailed, differing from anything hitherto attempted. Al persons wishing to "know themselves," or any friend in whom they are interested, must send a specimen oftheir writing, stating age and sex (enclosing thirteen penny postage stamps), to Professor BELL. 1, Marketstreet, Caledonian road, Islington, London, and they will receive in a few days a minute detail of the mental and moral qualities, talents, tastes. affections, virtues, failings, &c., of the writer, with many other things hitherto unsuspected. Read THE GUIDE to COURTSHIP and MARRIAGE, free for 12 stamps. MODES 65. MEMORY OF STUDY. - We are not prepared to recommend the use of any system of artificial memory. Most of those we have examined require more trouble to understand than would enable the student to gain the knowledge he seeks without them; and they too often make those who use them mere mechanical repeaters of facts, without enlarging their judgments or adding to their stock of real knowledge. To learn a list of dates is of little use, unless the student understands the causes and results of the events whose place he fixes in his chronology. An enlarged view of periods of history, and a knowledge of the manner in which the events of past ages influence the present conditions of mankind, is more to be valued than the most perfect memory of dates. It is a common error of students in science, to seek perfection in details before mastering general principles, and to overburden the mind with a series of comparatively unimportant matters, while they neglect to gain acquaintance with the fundamental laws. This is as absurd as the conduct of a man, who, wishing to gain a complete knowledge of a fine piece of architecture, began by analysing the cement used in its construction. 66. PRONUNCIATION INDISTINCTNESS. - One great cause of indistinctness in reading, is sinking the sound of some of the final consonants when they are followed by words beginning with vowels, and, in some cases, where the following word begins with a consonant. A common fault in reading and speaking, is to pronounce the word and like the article an. Example :dog an cat," instead of "dog and "Men an money," instead of men and money." This fault is most offensive to the educated ear, if it is committed when the following word commences with a vowel of the same sound, as in the sentence, "question an answer," instead of "question and answer;" or, "he ate pears an apples, an an egg," instead of "he ate pears and apples, and an egg." In some parts of the kingdom the final ƒ is dropped, cat." 66 especially before words beginning with th. The word with before th is also frequently slurred in a manner which gives much indistinctness to utterance. In reading or speaking in large rooms, distinctness is secured only by the slow utterance of words, between each of which there should be a perceptible interval. 67. WRITING MATERIALS. Before the invention of writing as a means of recording events, men planted trees or erected rude altars or heaps of stone, in remembrance of past events. Pictures and statues were soon suggested as symbolical or representative things. Hercules probably could not write when he fixed his famous pillars. The most ancient mode of writing was on bricks, tiles, oyster-shells; then tables of stone or facets of blocks; afterwards, on plates of ivory; and finally, an approximation to the use of paper was made by the use of the bark and leaves of trees. It has been gracefully observed, that the ancients gave speech to rocks, metals, and trees by engraving memorable events upon them. In the book of Job, mention is made of engraving on rocks and sheets of lead. The law of the Jews was said to be written on tables of stone;-Hesiod's works on leaden tables. The laws of the Cretans were described as 66 graven in bronze." The Romans etched their laws on brass, and the speech of. Claudius, engraved on plates of bronze, is said to exist in the town-hall of Lyons. Bronze tables are still unearthed in Tuscany. Treaties and conveyances of property were also engraven on brass, and official mementos have been found etched on copper. of feoffment on copper, dated a century before Christ, is stated to have been dug up near Bengal. In early times the shepherds wrote their songs with thorns and awls on straps of leather, which they wound round their crooks. The Icelanders scratched their runes on their walls, and their heroes appear to have bestowed some of their leisure in recording their own acts on their chairs and bedsteads. Wooden boards overlaid with bees-wax were sometimes en A bill in use. or articulate vocal sounds. In complete deafness, the sufferers do not hear the sounds which they themselves utter. The effort to teach the dumb to talk has been undertaken by ignorant persons, who, having found all the organs of the voice complete, supposed that in that circumstance they found all the conditions necessary for the production of speech, being ignorant of the fact, that speech is an imitation of sounds heard, and that the integrity of the organ of hearing was the first requirement. 70. ELECTRICITY OF THE AIR. 68. WAX. Vegetable wax and bees-wax differ in their elementary composition. The former is a vegetable product, forming the varnish of the leaves of certain plants and trees; it is found also upon some berries-as the Myrica cerifera, and it is an ingredient of the pollen of flowers. It was long supposed that bees merely collected the wax ready formed in plants, but Huber found that, though excluded from all food except sugar, they still formed wax. Bees-wax" is obtained by drain--The earth and the surrounding ing and washing the honeycomb, which is then melted in boiling water, strained through calico or linen, and cast into cakes. Many of the cakes sold in the shops will be found to be moulded into the shape of the inside of the cottage dishes in which the melted wax was cooled. Foreign wax comes from the Baltic, the Levant, and the shores of Barbary. It is bleached by exposure in thin slices to air, light, and moisture, or more rapidly by exposure to action of chlorine. White-wax is generally adulterated with spermaceti. It is also mixed for artistic purposes with Canada balsam, Venice turpentine, common resin, tallow, &c., &c. 69. DEAF AND DUMB. - - Deafness may be partial or complete. Where it is partial, it usually arises from disease; such as inflammation or destruction of the internal parts of the ear, or disease of the throat, where the eustachian tube opens at the back of the nose. Where the deafness is complete, it commonly arises from incompleteness of the organs of hearing from birth, and in such cases dumbness is always the result. The reason of this is obvious. The man who never hears the sound which others use to communicate their thoughts, can never imitate those sounds. It has been found, indeed, in those rare cases where complete deafness has arisen after children have learned to talk, that they have retained, only for a while, the memory of the modes of speech; but that their words become fewer, till at last they have forgotten altogether how to utter words air have an extraordinary relation to electricity. These phenomena may be referred to static or dynamic electricity; the latter occurs but rarely, as in case of thunderstorms, &c., which are instances of great local disturbance, as there must be a great amount of this abnormal action to produce a sensible effect on the galvanometer. It is very remarkable that these disturbances occur when the amount of atmospheric electricity is at its minimum. The static condition of atmospheric electricity is a subject of much higher philosophical interest. From the observations of M. Quetelet, it appears-First, that the amount of electricity at any given mo ment varies at different altitudes, but is the same at all similar altitudes. Secondly, that it increases directly with the distance from the earth's surface. Thirdly, that it is greatest in the coldest months. Fourthly, that in the course of the day it is greatest at 8 A.M. and 9 P.M. Fifthly, that it is greater when the sky is clear than when it is clouded. Sixthly, that the electricity of fog or snow is double that of rain, and equal to the mean maximum of the cold months. During his observations, continued through five years, M. Quetelet found the atmosphere in a negative state in twenty-five instances only, and all these occurred either immediately before or immediately after rain, or a storm. As to the dependence of electricity on the direction of the wind, it appeared to be greatest when the wind was from S.E. to E.S.E., and from W.N.W. to N.W. 71. COLLEGE EXPENSES. - Ox- for furniture, returned £54; leaving a ford. Several correspondents ask-nett total of £315 0s. 6d., or £105 per "Which college is the least expensive annum. To this must be added the for persons wishing to study and gra- expenses of tea, sugar, and candles duate at?" This is a question which (which the college does not provide), the has been asked, no one knows how fees of a private tutor, and the expenses often, during the last 120 years, and of books, and what are called extras, still continues to be of great interest. which may be regarded as closely allied Mr. Eden, a fellow and ex-tutor of Oriel to necessaries. The poor student, College, published a work on College therefore, pays for one hundred weeks' Expenses and Poor Scholars; and the residence in Oxford upwards of £400. Rev. O. Gordon, Considerations. It has [See the Report of the Bristol Education been stated, upon high authority, that Society.] The least expensive college a young man might have rooms, food, for a man of thirty years of age is Pemand college tutor for £80 a-year (of broke or Exeter. The expenses are twenty-two weeks). As observed in an said to be a little less at what are excellent article on this subject in the called "Halls." In reply to questions Oxford Protestant Magazine for October about "terms to be kept," we should 1847-Oxford expenses are of two or refer our pupils to the University three classes: there are the voluntary, Calendar (68.) for more detailed the involuntary, and an ugly class, particulars than we can here give. which may be called the unreckoned, or There are four terms in the year, the the unconscious, or the miscellaneous. lengths of which respectively had been For the first only are the college given above. Sixteen terms (nominal) authorities directly responsible. The are required for the degree of B.A. from expenses of a quiet reading man, as commoners; and they are allowed to incurred during his first year of be candidates for the degree after residence, are given as follows:-Pre- having completed three years; but liminary Expenses: Caution money, owing to certain regulations, residence £30; admission fees, £5; matriculation, for twelve terms only is actually £1 18s. 6d. ; furniture, £40; making a necessary. From the admission to B.A., total of £76 18s. 6d. For Lent term twelve nominal terms are computed (eight weeks), he paid for food (battels), before the admission to M.A., but only university dues, tuition, rent, coals, and one term is actually required. laundress, £21 17s.; for Easter term B.C.L. (bachelor in civil laws), twenty(six weeks), in the same manner was eight nominal terms are necessary, but expended £19 11s.; for Act term seventeen only need be actually kept. (three weeks), £14 2s.; and for Mich- The regulations of matriculation are aelmas term (five weeks), £23 28.; private with your college tutor. making the current expenses for the answer to A. R., and others, we reply one year equal to £78 12s., or for the that a B.A. of Dublin may get his terms three years, £235 16s. Add to this the allowed, but must pass an examination preliminary expenses, and we find that before obtaining a decree. The differupon the three years there has been an ence between the "incorporation" and outlay-which may be called compul- "ad eundem gradum," is, that the sory-equal to £312 14s. 6d., or an latter only gives a vote in convocation. average of £104 4s. 10d. per annum. W. B. F., &c.-The terms at St. Bees' do In addition, however, the four grace not count at Oxford.-Cambridge.-The terms of non-residence are charged for, college expenses at Cambridge, which of which the expenses are equal to appear to be very disproportionate comabout £21 8s. To this must be added pared with those of the Scotch universithe fees for B.A. (£12 6s.) and M.A. ties, amount to about £80 per annum, (£22 12s.) degrees; making a gross exclusive of tradesmen's bills and total of £369 0s. 6d. From this is to private tutorage. For this sum, the be deducted caution money, and thirds student is entitled to the exclusive use For In |