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made with Don Pedro, by which it was declared, that Pedro should reign in Bra zil in the mean time as Regent under his father, and that at King John's death the Crowns of Portugal and Brazil should be united in his person. From the known violence of the younger son Miguel's character, there is little doubt that he would make an attempt to dispossess Pedro of the European half of his inheritance, were he near the scene of action; but he is now at Vienna; and the Holy Allies, under whose sanction the late arrangement was made, will doubtless take care to detain him there, while his presence at home would be dangerous. The question is, what will Pedro do when he is apprised of the vacancy in the Throne of Portugal? That he will claim both crowns is certain, for he does not want ambition. But will he fix his residence at Lisbon or Rio Ja. neiro? Were he less active and enterprising, we incline to think that he would prefer living in the old world, where monarchy is in its proper sphere, and has powerful protectors; rather than in the new, where it must struggle for existence amidst opposing elements. But Pedro seems to have something of a royal passion for war; and, unless we mistake his genius, will remain in Brazil, where the danger is most menacing, and trust Portugal for some time to the administration of his sister, and the guardianship of the Holy Allies. There may be intrigues, however, in Lisbon, which may recall him thither suddenly. He must be sensible, that of the two parts of his dominions the Eastern is held by the more secure tenure; and that if his presence is equally indispensable in both, it is better to risk the loss of Brazil than Portugal. Be this as it may, we have no doubt that the Brazilian monarchy would not survive his departure many months. When the imperial regime ceases in Brazil, and cease it will, whether he remain or no, it is evident, from the fate which has already befallen Peru, that that vast region, which equals Europe in surface, will soon break up into various separate republics. Without the compressing force of despotic power, or without a highly-advanced civilization, such as exists in the NorthAmerican confederacy, it is not possible to bind the distant members of such an unwieldy State together. From the one extremity of the country to the other is nearly 3000 miles; or about as far as from London to the cataracts of the Nile; and on this surface, which would support two or three hundred millions of men, there is only a thinly-scattered population of four millions. There is evidently room in this immense territory for a dozen of

decent republics; but there must be men, as well as square leagues, to constitute a body politic; and the probability is, that the three or four most considerable trading towns on the coast will form the nu❤ clei of so many separate Governments. A very extraordinary report has been cir culated in London, that a body guard for the Regent of Portugal, of 2000 men, will immediately be sent by the English Ministers to the Tagus.

AUSTRIA-Illness of the Emperor.— The Austrian Observer of the 12th inst. confirms the accounts in the French pa pers of the indisposition of the Emperor of Austria, who had a severe attack of inflammatory fever on the 9th inst. On the 10th, at six in the morning, his Majesty was bled, which afforded him some relief. The degree of fever, and the other symptoms of the disorder, rendered it necessary to take away some more blood, which was done the same day, and greatly diminished the symptoms of the disorder, so that on the night of the 10th his Majesty had some quiet sleep, and on the 11th, in the morning, he felt himself something easier. In the night the symptoms of the disorder and the fever became so much worse, that his Majesty was unable to sleep. In the morning of the 12th the Emperor experienced much relief, but it was not of long continuance, and towards noon it was necessary to bleed him again. His majesty felt considerable relief from this operation, and continued more easy, which increased the hope of his Majesty's speedy recovery. On the 13th the Emperor's indisposition was so alarming, that the theatres were shut, public prayers were offered up in all the churches, and he received the sacrament. On the 14th, however, he was much bet ter. The Brussels Oracle of the 26th inst., in reference to the health of the Emperor, says, "Private letters from Germany have long since informed us that the state of the Emperor's health ex. cited much uneasiness; the German journals said nothing of it, and the Vienna Gazettes merely announced, at the beginning of this month, that his Majesty enjoyed good health; whereas it was well known that his Majesty was very ill when he left Presburg."

The latest accounts, however, give a favourable statement of the situation of the Emperor. On the 15th, it was announced that all danger was dispelled; that his Majesty's illness had been happily brought to a close; and that, in conse quence, no more bulletins would he issued. On the 18th, a Te Deum was ordered to be celebrated in the Cathedral. The theatres were opened as usual, and the

public funds improved in value. Should he die, however, at this period, Europe will have lost five sovereigns within the last fifteen months-the Emperors of Russia and Austria, the Kings of France, Naples, and Portugal.

SICILY.-Entails.-By virtue of an ordinance of the 10th of February 1824, signed by Ferdinand I. King of Naples, and confirmed by Francis II., the present King, which authorises the nobles who possess entailed estates to divide them among their creditors who have legally proved themselves such, the Princess Colonna of Sicily has just distributed among her creditors all her feudal possessions. The Journal of the Two Sicilies adds, that all Sicilians were rejoiced at this Royal benefit, which will restore to commerce fertile lands which the an cient feudal system had withdrawn from it.

ITALY. The Pope has lately issued a curious document, in the form of a Bull, extending the privilege of the jubilee to the whole Christian world. The jubi lee is a solemnity instituted by Boniface the VII. in the year 1300, by which plenary absolution is granted to all Catholics who make a pilgrimage to Rome within the course of the year, and with prayer, confession, and almsgiving, visit Saint Peter's, and three other churches named. Originally, the period of celebration was to return only once in a century; but the first jubilee poured so much wealth into Rome, that it got the name of the golden year; and Boniface's successors very naturally lamenting the rare recurrence of so rich a harvest, shortened the interval to 50, 35, and ultimately to 25 years. But Europe begins to outgrow the super annuated folly of pilgrimages. Veteran sinners, it seems, remain at home in spite of the promise of having the arrears of a quarter of a century cleared off by crossing the Alps, like Hannibal, and footing it along the Appian way. The number of visitors, owing, as the Bull says, to the calamitous state of the times, has been unexpectedly small. It is some comfort to know, however, that those who did make the journey have been greatly edified; and therefore his Holi ness, compassionating good Catholics, who, from poverty, infirmity of purpose, or other obstacles, have not repaired to St. Peter's, has kindly brought the benefits of the jubilee to their own doors. It is declared, that absolution, and all the other advantages resulting from the pilgrimage to Rome, shall be equally enjoyed by every Catholic who shall go fifteen times in the course of six months to the Cathe dral, and the three other principal Catho

VOL. XVIII.

lic churches within the diocese where h lives, and there confess, pray, &c. in the prescribed form. Provision is also made for the ease of sick persons, and others physically incapable of complying with the order, who are allowed to commute the duty for something better suited to their circumstances. We can assure our Catholic readers that we are not disposed to make game of their opinions; but we find it difficult to describe the injunctions of this Bull in sober parlance. We know there are enlightened and good men among them; but we believe that these persons will be little disposed to quarrel with us for the pleasantry we have indulged at the expense of a piece of solemn buffoonery, which they must despise in their hearts. His Holiness talks of the injury done to the faith by wicked books! He may rest assured, that a document like this thrown in the face of the reason and common sense of mankind in the 19th century, inflicts a more deadly wound on the church than all that infidels have penned since the last jubilee. We pity Drs Doyle and Murray. These acute and able men must feel it infinitely oppressive to be bound in honour, as sons of the church, to put a plausible face on this ludicrous rescript, issued by a set of drivelling monks on the other side of the Alps, and fitted only for the meridian of Spain, Calabria, or Hungary.

PRUSSIA. The accounts of commer

cial affairs at Berlin and Frankfort are of a very sombre nature. Panic, failures, and wide-spreading distress, are now felt there as much, if not more, than they have been in England. Twenty mercan◄ tile houses, several of the first rank, have fallen at Berlin since the end of last year; and securities of all descriptions have declined considerably. Crellinger, formerly army-contractor, has failed for £.1,100,000 dollars; and Reichenbach and Meixner for three millions; both more or less connected, by branching es tablishments, with Frankfort and other towns.

SWEDEN. The intelligence from Got tenburgh is of the most gloomy description. Seven or eight houses are reported to have stopped payment; among them the firm of Prytz is mentioned. These events, and the late embarrassments in England, appear to have been severely felt at Stockholm, and great commercial difficulties are described as resulting from them.

RUSSIA. The following interesting information, communicated to the Editor of the Globe and Traveller, by a gentle. man from St. Petersburgh, may, it is said, be relied on :3 P

The Emperor's Death. I was at Odessa when the news of his illness reach

ed us. On hearing of his death, we immediately concluded that the Emperor had been murdered, but not by order of Constantine, who tenderly loved Alexander. Subsequent communications from merchants and others living at Taganrok, convinced us that Alexander had died a natural death. The fever by which he was cut off is very common in the Crimea. Not a week before, a friend of mine, an Englishman, returned from Taganrok with the fever, and died in six days.

The tumult at St. Petersburgh. The death of Alexander was a death-blow to the hopes of civilization. For the last two years, the nobles, with the exception of those who were immediately in favour at Court, were in league to compel the Emperor to make concessions to them for the benefit of the people. They had appointed the 16th of March for a deputation to wait upon the Emperor, and insist upon a change. The Emperor was aware of this, and retired to Taganrok to avoid tumult, but it was well known that he would have yielded. His death destroyed the league before it was ripe, and led to the apprehension of its members. The conspirators never contemplated the injury of Alexander. He was too much

beloved.

The Arrests.-There is not a noble family in Russia, with the exception of those about the Court, which has not a member implicated in the conspiracy. They are arrested every day, and sent to St. Petersburgh, with their arms chained behind them, in carts guarded by Cossacks; others, who only talk of the affair, are arrested and sent off in the same way. The Poles. In Russian Poland the inhabitants are so strictly governed that they dare not express any feeling. In Austrian Poland the yoke is even heavier, but they grumble openly. As I passed through Austrian Poland, about a fortnight ago, the Poles crowded round my carriage, to learn the news from St. Petersburgh. If the conspirators had been suc cessful, and a constitution had been established, they would have thrown off the Austrian yoke, and placed themselves un. der the protection of Russia; but the Russian people are not fit for a constitution. The nobility, however, who, although much enlightened, are worse than slaves, must have concessions, and by de grees the people will be civilized.

The Physicians of the Emperor Alex. ander. It has been considered curious that Sir James Wylie has not written here to declare that the Emperor died a

natural death. I believe Sir James has no connections in England or Scotland now. He has been thirty years in Russia.

The Grand Duke Constantine is much beloved in Russia; his character is quite changed. Nicholas and Michael are brave men the former endeavours to imitate Napoleon.

The

The Military Colonies are a great cause of wretchedness and discontent. children of the peasants are taken from them at nine and ten years of age, and dragged away to be made soldiers. The peasants still refuse to shave themselves. I knew a man, who was taken to be a soldier, go six days without food rather than submit to have his beard taken off. Freedom of intercourse and personal We dare not freedom there is none. write what we think, and we are compelled to take an oath of allegiance to Nicholas, or banishment may be the conse. quence. This oath was arranged with Lord Strangford, because the English were supposed to have helped to foment the late troubles. It is an abominable oath, as you will see.

Copy of an oath taken by his Majesty's subjects at St. Petersburgh, on the occasion of the accession of his Imperial Majesty Nicholas the First :-" We, the undersigned, subjects of his Britannic Majesty, and other members of the British Church, make oath and swear, upon the Holy Evangelists, that we will be true, faithful, and submissive to his Imperial Majesty, the most gracious and great Sovereign the Emperor Nicholas Paulovitch, Autocrat of all the Russias, and to his son Alexander Nicholarvitch, successor to his Imperial Majesty's throne, or who may be appointed; and that we will guard and preserve the rights and privileges belonging to his power and right which have been decreed, or may be decreed hereafter, to the best of our understanding, power, and ability; and likewise that we will endeavour, as much as possible, to forward all that may relate to the real service of his Imperial Majesty and the just interests of the empire in the two realms. So help us God and the Holy Word, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

Funeral of the Emperor Alexander.The mortal remains of the late Emperor Alexander arrived on the 14th February in the village of Koelomenskoe, near Moscow, and were received by Prince Galitzin, Governor of Moscow, Prince Isoukoff, Count Tolstoy, and a great number of persons of high rank, who, on the 15th, attended the procession to the cathedral of Moscow into which the coffin was carried by the Emperor's aides-de-camp.

On the 16th the doors were opened to the impatient multitude; whoever was able, in the dreadful pressure, to get near the coffin, prostrated himself and kissed it. The body continued to lie in state on the 17th, and on the 18th, at eleven in the morning, the procession set out to proceed towards St. Petersburgh. The merchants of Moscow had given 1500 rubles as a present to the troops who kept guard by the Emperor's coffin. The nobility of Tula have ordered masses for the soul of the Emperor to be performed for six weeks. On the day when the funeral procession arrived there, the citizens of Tula made a subscription for the poor, which produced 31,589 rubles.

By the last intelligence from St. Petersburgh, it appears that the arrests of suspected persons continue to be multiplied through the empire. Considerable sensation has been excited among the British residents in Russia, by their being called upon to take the oath of allegiance to the new Emperor. The Senate, having had submitted to it, by the Emperor, various documents relative to the affairs of Turkey and Greece, and to the late conspiracy, is understood to have protested against 'all interference, by his Majesty, in the former, which they reckon would be an abandonment of the politics of the principle laid down by the great powers of Europe, and a dangerous example to his own subjects, which might ultimately occasion a dismemberment of his dominions. The Senate has also recommended that the parties to the late conspiracy should be punished with inflexible rigour; and seemingly aware that the elements of discord exist chiefly among the military, it points out the necessity of re-modelling the army, and reducing it by one half, dismissing from it all who have property, or have occupations from which they can derive a subsistence.-The Duke of Wellington arrived in St. Petersburgh on the 3d March, and immediately had a private audience of the Emperor and Empress. He has had the palace of the minister of Aspanages assigned him for his residence. Europe will rejoice, should the intelligence contained in the following extract from the Times Newspaper turn out to be correct in all its particulars :

"The Duke of Wellington's mission to Petersburgh has commenced under favourable auspices. The first interview of his Grace with his Imperial Majesty bore the aspect, not merely of a gracious feeling towards the ambassador, but of an unequivocal concurrence in the great object of his embassy-viz. the preservation of unbroken tranquillity throughout Europe.

It is understood that ne Duke was
charged with what might be termed cre-
dentials, from France, and Austria, and
Prussia, as well as from Great Britain;
all calculated to impress the Cabinet of
St. Petersburgh with the conviction that
the above Great Powers were unanimous
in their purpose-first, of protecting the
Greeks against the Ottomans; second,
of protecting the latter against an attack
from Russia. The Duke of Wellington
is said to have received the most prompt
assurances of the satisfaction with which
the Emperor Nicholas regarded the first
of the two objects explained to him, and
of his entire acquiesence in the second.
The five most powerful States of Chris-
tendom are now, it is added, to unite in
a common and peremptory declaration to
the Grand Seignor,-that Greece shall no
longer be occupied or invaded by his ar
mies-that he must give up all preten
sions to the sovereignty of that people,
and cease in any manner to molest them.
On their part, it is affirmed, that the
Greeks, aware of the pending negotiation
with Russia, and contemplating its suc
cessful termination, have offered the Con-
stitutional Throne of their country to
each in succession of three foreign Princes
-the Duke of Sussex, Leopold of Saxe
Coburg, and the son of Gustavus the
Swede, but that by none of them has the
Royal prize been accepted. With respect
to Russia, she will feel the necessity of
abstaining from any positive act, or even
from demonstrations and menaces of ag-
gression upon Turkey. There is little
doubt that Nicholas has troubles to con-
tend with at home, which would not be
appeased, but might be aggravated, by the
incidents and casualties of foreign war-
fare. A reduction, therefore, of the mi-
litary malcontent power of Russia may
be naturally anticipated by surrounding
States. Let, then, the Duke of Welling-
ton, continues the writer, come back to
England, after happily concluding a ne
gotiation, on the success of which has de-
pended the peace of Europe, and the only
chance of breathing time for this over-
burdened and exhausted country, and we
shall hail the execution of such a task as
among the most glorious of his achieve-
ments."

French papers to the 28th ult. contain an important document-the Report of the Commission of Inquiry appointed by the Emperor Nicholas after the events of the 26th of December, giving “a preliminary view of the facts taken from the examinations and confessions of the criminals themselves." This statement embraces the whole extent of the conspi racy, which began at the end of 1815, and

was even then directed against the life of the Emperor Alexander. His assassi nation, it is announced, was contemplated and prepared at various periods; first, in 1815, then in 1817, afterwards, in 1823, and lastly in 1825!-Nobody has yet been condemned, but the number of arrests increase. M. Boulatoff is dead, This is the conspirator who voluntarily surrendered himself, after having remain ed three hours near the Emperor, with the intention of assassinating him. Obolenk is also dead.-Count Lieven, the Russian Ambassador at our Court, has left town for St. Petersburgh, to pay his homage to the new Emperor. His departure gave rise, upon the Stock Exchange, to the ridiculous rumour of an approaching rupture between Great Britain and Russia.

Extract of a letter from Hamburgh, 11th March :-The Coronation of the Emperor Nicholas is deferred from the month of September to that of October. It is stated that more than 20,000 conspirators have been already discovered, and that 20,000 noble families are implicated in this affair. We are assured that more than 12,000 persons are already arrested.

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A letter from Berlin, dated March 13, says "We are assured that a Russian courier, who left this place to-day, has with him dispatches from the Russian Court to the French Government, in which the Emperor Nicholas declares that he will not interefere in the affairs of Greece without the concurrence of the Great European Powers, and that for his own part he is willing to have the Holy Alliance dissolved, and a new liberal and, general compact entered into."

GREECE. The Greeks continue to defend Missolonghi with a determination which baffles the science of Ibrahim's European officers. The town has been blockaded by land and sea for many months, but in every assault the besieg ers have been beaten back with loss; and the Greck fleet throws in supplies from time to time in spite of the superior naval force of the Turks which is posted in the bay. The courage and persever ance which the Greeks have displayed on this occasion must go far in the eyes of all candid persons to redeem the many errors they have committed in the general management of their cause. Mr Stratford Canning has arrived at Constantinople, and been presented to the Divan.

TURKEY.-The Library of the Seraglio.In a letter of the Hospodar of Wallachia, Prince I. Carrazza, we are told that his grandfather, Prince Charles, and his father, then a youth fresh from Ley.

den, found an opportunity, during an ill. ness of Sultan Mustapha, of examining the imperial library at Constantinople. The result was, that they believed the collection to be rich in ascetic works in Greek, Latin, and Arabic, to have a good many works on Medicine in Latin, and no classics whatever. In confirmation of this, it may be recollected that, although the Grand Seignors have very frequently made presents of books to Christian Ambassadors, only one occasion is recorded, in which the gift was any thing out of the lines described by the Hospo dar. General Sebastiana got from Selim a beautiful MS. of Ptolemy's Geography, with a map; and a very fine MS. of the Old and New Testament, on parchment, of the time of the Emperor Marcian.

AMERICA.

BUENOS AYRES.-Papers from Buenos Ayres state, that Colonel La Madrid, an officer who was carrying military contingents to the northward, had deposed the civil authorities in Tucuman by force, and seized upon the government of the province. The national congress had issued a decree against this act of rebellion, the effect of which, however, must be uncertain, as Tucuman is in a remote situation, 1200 miles from the capital, and as the war with Brazil will find occupations for all the military force the Government can muster, in a different quarter.

MEXICO. It appears that some misunderstanding has arisen between our Government and that of Mexico, on the subject of the commercial treaty which has been the subject of negotiation for some time. The grounds of the difference between the parties is not clearly explained, but it is said to have some re ference to the right of search. Report states, that the Mexican executive is inclined to concede the point in dispute, but that the two legislative bodies have adopt. ed an opposite opinion. We have no apprehension, however, that the commercial relations of the two countries are likely to experience any serious interruption.

The American papers speak confident. ly of an expedition of 20,000 men preparing in the ports of Mexico and Colombia for the invasion of Cuba. It is said that the invaders rely on finding a large part of the population disposed to cooperate with them for the expulsion of the Spaniards. We have little doubt that it would be easy for an army of the extent mentioned to over-run and conquer the whole island, the capital (Havannah) excepted, which is very strong, and pretty

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