Principles of Political Economy: With Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy, Том 1D. Appleton, 1870 - Всего страниц: 1219 |
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accumulation Adam Smith advantage agricultural amount applied bricklayers buying capitalist causes circulating capital commodities considerable consumed consumption coöperation cultivation dealers demand for labour diminished division of labour duced duction ductive effect employment England equivalent exertion exist expended expenditure farmer farms fixed capital Flanders flax fund greater human hundred quarters ical improvement income increase individual industry instruments instruments of production kind labour employed labouring classes land laws less limited luxuries machinery maintain mankind manufacture manure material means ment mode nations natural agents necessary objects obtained occupation operations paid peasant persons plough Political Economy population portion possession principle productive consumers productive labour productive power profit proportion proprietors purpose quantity remuneration render require saving society soil subsistence sufficient supply suppose surplus taxes term of disparagement things thousand pounds tion unproductive velvet wages wants wealth whole workmen
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Стр. 577 - equalized by an increased demand, the result of cheapness, or by withdrawing a part of the supply, equalized they are in either case. Thus we see that the idea of a ratio, as between demand and supply, is out of place, and has no concern in the matter: the proper mathematical analogy is that of an
Стр. 609 - producing and bringing to market the most costly portion of the supply required. The natural value is synonymous with the Cost Value, and the cost value of a thing, means the cost value of the most costly portion of it. VIII. Cost of Production consists of several elements, some of which are constant and universal, others
Стр. 335 - gradually becoming more and more prosperous not-withstanding the increasing prices they have paid for their land, he argues, with apparent justness, that this -would seem to show that not only the gross profits of the small estates, but the net profits also have been gradually increasing, and that the net profits per acre, of
Стр. 564 - to avoid the wasteful expenditure of two good scientific terms on a single idea, have employed Price to express the value of a thing in relation to money ; the quantity of money for which it will exchange. By the price of a thing, therefore, we shall henceforth understand its value in money ; by the
Стр. 534 - York when it is three, or three and a quarter per cent in London. The cost of labour, then, is, in the language of mathematics, a function of three variables : the efficiency of labour ; the wages of labour (meaning thereby the real reward of the labourer) ; and the greater or
Стр. 330 - labouring for themselves. . . . The German peasants work hard, but they have no actual want. Everyman has his house, his orchard, his roadside trees, commonly so heavy with fruit, that he is • Rural and Domestic Life of Germany, p. 27. f Ibid. p. 40. obliged to prop and secure them all ways, or they would be
Стр. 486 - Disgrace has the contrary effect. The trade of a butcher is a brutal and an odious business ; but it is in most places more profitable than the greater part of common trades. The most detestable of all employments, that of public executioner, is, in proportion to the quantity of work done, better paid than any common trade whatever.
Стр. 152 - may be cited in further illustration of the waste occasioned to society through the inability of its members to trust one another. " The cost to the purchaser is the price he pays for any article, added to the cost of verifying the fact of its having that degree of goodness for which he
Стр. 571 - will not hear of D as any controlling power or mitigating agency in the case ; and finally, although at six guineas a-piece in London or Paris you might have loaded a waggon with VOL. i.—35 such boxes, you pay sixty rather than lose it when the last knell of the clock has sounded, which summons you to
Стр. 488 - and dirtiness of the work, it sometimes raises the wages of the most common labour above those of the most skilful artificers. A collier working by the piece is supposed, at Newcastle, to earn commonly about double, and in many parts of Scotland about three