small, irregular, transverse rugæ at its commencement, but these gradually pass into the longitudinal direction at its termination in the urogenital canal, which is by a corrugated valvular fold.

In the Ratel (Ratelus mellivorus) the lining substance of the uterine horns is disposed in thick longitudinal and oblique folds. The os tincæ is a double circular prominence. The beginning of the vagina is beset with numerous minute obtuse ruga, which become larger and more longitudinal as they approach the urogenital canal: into this the vagina opens by a bilobed valvular fold. The inner surface of the urogenital passage is smooth.

In the Bitch the capacious capsules of the ovaria have a small aperture at the part nearest the uterus. The fimbriated beginning of the oviduct is attached to the exterior boundary of this aperture opposite the ovarium; the tube itself passes in a wavy course round the anterior part of the capsule to the uterus. The cornua are long, slender, compressed tubes, with numerous flat eminences on the inner surface: they are joined together externally for nearly two inches before they communicate with the body of the uterus. The interior of this part presents a few smooth, longitudinal elevations of the lining membrane. The os tincæ is a smooth, thick, simple prominence. The true vagina is of considerable length, with longitudinal rugæ: the urethra opens between a small transverse fold and the triangular flattened clitoris, beyond which is a second transverse crescentic fold with its concavity opposite that of the preceding.

In the Civet (Viverra Civetta) the ovaria approach nearer to the globular form than usual. They are situated in shallow capsules, on one side of which the oviduct commences by a large elongated aperture. The cornua uteri are long, slender, compressed, straight canals. The corpus uteri is equally simple, but very short; the vagina is long, with a longitudinally rugous inner surface. The urogenital canal opens externally on a prominent vulva, above which there is a semilunar cutaneous depression, which receives the ducts of two large scent-glands.

In the Leopard (Felis Leopardus) the ovaria present an elongated, elliptical, flattened form, and are attached by one edge to the ovarian ligament: the peritoneal pouch is large and wide, with an opening extending its whole length. In the Hyæna the ovaria have a more compact oval form, and are more completely inclosed in the peritoneal capsules. The fimbriated aperture of the oviduct is extended in the Leopard along one side of the margin of the pouch; the ovary itself forms the opposite boundary. In the Hyæna the pavilion forms a smaller proportion of the

margin of the capsule. The oviduct runs a short and tortuous course along the anterior part of the ovarian capsule to the horn of the uterus: both cornua present, in the unimpregnated Leopard, the form of simple, straight, narrow, flattened tubes, with a smooth and even internal surface, and they open into the common uterine cavity half-way between their external union and the vagina. The os tincæ is very prominent, and is beset with numerous short papillose processes: in the Hyæna it is not papillose. The vagina in the Leopard is a narrow canal, with a few smooth longitudinal rugæ internally, which terminate abruptly at the beginning of the urogenital passage: in the Hyæna the vagina is wider with more produced longitudinal folds. The internal surface of the urogenital passage is beset with coarse papillæ, the larger ones being aggregated in longitudinal groups; at its termination projects the clitoris and at the sides of the passage, in the Leopard, are the orifices of two large glands. The prepuce has no ossicle or cartilage in the Viverrine or Feline Carnivora.

§ 393. In Quadrumana.-The reappearance of Lissencephalous characters of the female organs in the lowest members of the present group indicates their derivation and divergence from some antecedent common source. The smooth-brained Lemuridæ with gyrencephalous proportions of cerebrum show a common uterovaginal elongate cavity, as in certain Bruta, and an external perforate clitoris, as in Insectivora.

In Perodicticus, Lichanotus, Otolicnus, Tarsius and Stenops (both St. gracilis and St. tardigradus), the ovaria are small oval bodies, in adults often presenting a granulate exterior; always suspended in a depression, which is a rudiment of the capsule of the broad peritoneal ligament. The oviducts commence by a fimbriated extremity exterior to the ovaries, and pass in front of those bodies in a tortuous course to the horns of the uterus. These are short and wide, and begin by large obtuse extremities; they are lined by a smooth, thick, and seemingly villous membrane. After the junction of the cornua the common uterine canal presents internally a smoother surface, but begins to fall into a number of fine longitudinal ruga: it is continued into the vagina without any line or mark of distinction; the same embryonal character, as in Dasypus and Bradypus, being here persistent. The rugæ are more strongly developed in this canal, which terminates by a round opening, fig. 547, b, half an inch anterior to the rectum, ib. a. Immediately in front of the vagina is the clitoris, ib. c; it is a large and prominent body, perforated, like the penis in the male, by the urethral canal, which opens upon a glans cleft

by a vertical fissure, and inclosed above and at the sides by a crescentic prepuce. The urethra is consequently of unusual length in these small Quadrumana, as it is in Moles and Shrews. When the cerebrum begins to show deep and definable gyrations a higher type of female organs is indicated. The uterus is differentiated from the vagina by an os tincæ in the Aye-aye, and the clitoris is distinct from the urethra. Moreover the vulva opens

547

Rectum, vagina and urethra, Stenops tardigradus. LXIX'.

vent.

at about one and a half inch distance from the The uterine horns are relatively longer than in most other Lemurida. The os tincæ appears trilobate through fission of the anterior valve or lip.' The vagina shows the usual provision for dilatation in the longitudinal folds. The urethral orifice defines a urogenital tract about one-third the length of the vagina: the preputium clitoridis opens by a transverse crescentic fossa anterior to the urogenital outlet: the crura clitoridis embrace the urogenital passage before uniting, on its fore wall, into the body of the clitoris: the glans is subbilobate.1

In the Mongoose and other species of true Le

mur, the uterus communicates with the vagina upon a distinct valvular prominence or os tincæ; but the clitoris is situated more within the verge of the vulva than in Chiromys, and is perforated by the urethra. The ruge of the vagina are well developed, and are of two kinds; the stronger ones are longitudinal, in the interspaces of which are smaller transverse or oblique folds: these assume a penniform arrangement near the outlet. The clitoris is inclosed in a large and thick internally plicated prepuce. The external labia are continued from the dorsum of the clitoris; within

ccxi'. p. 97, tab. 3, figs. 2 and 3,

these there are two smaller folds, or labia minora,' continued from the sides of the clitoris to the opposite part of the vulva; and on the internal surface of each of these folds there is a thick longitudinal process of membrane projecting like the 'carunculæ myrtiformes,' into the cavity of the vagina.

:

In Platyrhine Monkeys the uterus is long and narrow, with a truncate fundus, the angles of which are not produced into cornua: it begins to show thicker muscular walls. The os tincæ is bilabiate the urogenital tract is relatively longer than in Lemur, equalling that of the vagina. The clitoris is of unwonted length, and is pendent outwardly, like the penis of the male, in the SpiderMonkeys (Ateles): it is not perforated by the urethra; this opens upon a longitudinal fold extending from the constricted limit of the proper vagina to the vulva.

In Catarhines the urogenital tract is always much shorter than the vagina, and the uterus is long and slender. In Papio Mormon the distended clitoris is three inches in length: the glans is smooth the inner surface of the proper vagina is obliquely and transversely rugous: the external labia become much swollen at the heat. In both Baboons and Macacques the tunics of the uterus are thinnest at the fundus, the angles of which are slightly produced, like a last indication of cornua. At the cervix there are seen, besides the longitudinal folds, two bulbous processes of the lining membrane; below these a large os tincæ, with a remarkably irregular surface, projects into the vagina. This canal is lined by a dense epithelium, and presents a few large longitudinal, and numerous small, compressed, transverse and oblique rugæ, the margins of which are crenated. A transverse line divides the vagina from the urogenital canal, at the commencement of which is the termination of the urethra and also the orifices of the glandular sinuses, called canals of Gärtner or Malpighi. In Macacus Silenus, Hunter compares the constriction with a caruncular prominence at the beginning of the urogenital tract to the 'hymen': the glans clitoridis' is sub-bifurcate. In the Green-Monkey and other species of Cercopithecus, the ovaria are compressed, and approach the triangular form; the oviducts enter the angles of the fundus of a simple undivided uterus: the cervix uteri is occupied by several irregular longitudinal rugæ; the internal surface of the vagina presents a few oblique rugæ. The urethra, in Cerc. Sabæus, terminates two-thirds of an inch within the vulva, upon a longitudinal prominence, on each side of which there is a transverse ridge dividing the vagina from the urogenital passage: immediately beyond the constriction there are several

small oblique plications of the lining membrane. The clitoris is imperforate; on each side of it there is a tumid process of integument, making a kind of prepuce. From these processes two ridges pass backward to the sides of the vulva, of which they constitute the labia, and between these there is a groove running from the clitoris to the urethro-sexual canal. In the tail-less Apes the fundus uteri acquires increased breadth; the general walls are thicker than in Monkeys; but the entire organ is longer and more slender than in the human subject.

§ 394. In Bimana.-The ovaria of the adult female are oval, subdepressed bodies, fig. 548, f, suspended by the layers of peritoneum continued from their surface to the broad ligament,' within which

6

Ovary and oviduct, Human; nat. size. CCXLVI".

is a cord of sclerous tissue passing from the uterine end of the ovary to the womb, and called 'ligamentum ovarii,' ib. h: a process of the pavilion connecting these to the opposite end of the ovary is called 'tubo-ovarian ligament,' ib. e. The depression of the broad ligament' between ovarium, f, and oviduct, c, shown by raising the former, answers to the capsula ovarii' of lower Mammals. The anterior surface is less convex than the posterior one. The ovisacs expand in a dense tissue or stroma,' fig. 534, inclosed in a sclerous tunica albuginea: with the adventitious tunic which the ovisacs derive in their enlargement from the stroma, they form the cavities called Graafian vesicles. In the young adult female the surface of the ovary is smooth: it afterwards becomes scarred by the cicatrices of ruptures caused by discharges