which it has a pedunculate attachment. The posterior wall of the sac appears to be formed by the wide and deep pavilion, the margin of the abdominal opening of which is almost entire; the inner surface of the pavilion is augmented by many long but narrow and highly vascular folds, which radiate from the beginning of the contracted part of the oviduct upon the expanded pavilion. The uterine cornua are long. The numerous and irregular processes and wrinkles which characterise the inner surface of the horns of the uterus gradually subside in the body as this approaches the vagina, and pass into two or three series of thick and soft ridges of the lining tissue. The os uteri is denoted by a series of close-set, narrow, longitudinal folds, but there is no valvular projection or os tincæ.' In the true vagina the longitudinal folds become fewer, and gradually subside toward the line of separation between the vagina and urogenital passage. The urethra opens between two longitudinal ridges, but the surface both of these and other similar projections in the urogenital passage is broken by numerous fine, wavy, and oblique furrows. The clitoris projects from the anterior angle of the vulval labia. In the Peccari the vaginal folds toward the uterine end are so arranged as to give a spiral curve to the canal, like that in the Tenrec and Rhinoceros. Usually one ovisac enlarges, at the heat, in each ovary, or there may be two in one ovary, the Peccary producing not more than two at a birth.

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In the uniparous Camel the ovary is a comparatively small subcompressed oval body with a smooth and even exterior: it becomes furrowed and subtuberculate in older specimens, or at the heat. The greater part of the capsula ovarii appears to be formed by the fimbriate aperture of the oviduct, which is of very large size, and is supported by a broad fold of peritoneum; the pavilion as it approaches the contracted part of the duct has its inner surface provided with many broad parallel folds: the oviduct is disposed in a series of four oblique festoons, and is then continued in an unconvoluted course toward the uterus.

The cornua are of moderate length, and describe each a regular semicircular curve: they have a smooth internal surface, beset with utricular pores, without trace of cotyledonal processes. The corpus uteri is short: the cervix is occupied with a series of oblique but nearly transverse folds, which do not quite complete a circle. Three of these folds are seen from the vagina concentrically disposed around the beginning of the uterus, which has no defined 'os tincæ.' The commencement of the wide vagina presents a smooth and even internal surface. The clitoris commences by two crura, and is

continued in a tortuous and somewhat spiral course to the preputium clitoridis, to one side of which it is adherent: the extremity of the preputium forms a conical prominence external to the anterior margin of the urogenital canal. forms two large bodies.

The plexus retiformis'

In the Pigmy Musks or Chevrotains (Tragulus) the ovaria are smooth oblong bodies with a somewhat angular contour. The oviducts pursue a scalloped course along the edge of the broad ligament, and terminate in an expanded elongated pavilion at the outer part of the circumference of the capsula ovarii. I found the cornua of the uterus are unequal in size; the right was the largest in the specimen examined; its inner surface was smooth, the utricular pores generally diffused, without any appearance of cotyledonal processes, implying an uniform and stunted villosity of the foetal chorion, as in the Camel tribe.' The inner surface of the vagina has many parallel longitudinal folds, the abrupt termination of which indicates the beginning of the uterus, there being no os tincæ. The vulva is close to the vent.

In horned Ruminants the lining of the cornua uteri shows smooth prominences, devoid of utricular pores, called caruncles or cotyledonal processes, fig. 546, e, e, increasing in number with the size of the species. In Cervus rufus and C. capreolus there may be from four to six in each cornu, longitudinally disposed: in the Giraffe there may be eighty. In the Cameline group we have seen that the greater part of the capsula ovarii is formed by the expanded fimbriated aperture of the oviduct itself, which is of very large size. In Deer, Antelopes, Bovines, and Ovines the ovarium, ib. k, is lodged in a depression or sacculus of the broad ligament, which is more or less deep, and has its apertures more or less contracted in different species. In the Giraffe this sacculus is wide and deep, and incloses almost the whole of the ovary. The fimbriated extremity of each oviduct is expanded upon the outer margin of the ovarian capsule, as in fig. 546, i, i; the inner surface of the pavilion is beset with numerous fine oblique striæ, and is further increased by narrow folds of laminæ converging toward the contracted opening of the duct. The oviduct forms three or four wavy folds, and is then continued along the walls of the wide. ovarian capsule to the extremity of the uterine horn, which makes an abrupt curve to meet it. Each cornu becomes bent in a spiral form when distended with fluid: four longitudinal rows of compressed caruncles project from the inner surface. The cervix of the uterus is occupied by two circular series of close-set,

1 CCXXXVI. vol. ii. p. 135, Note.

longitudinal lamellar processes, with their free margins converging to the centre of the canal. Above these the inner membrane of the uterus sends off several thicker processes similarly arranged. The 'os tincæ' is a large transversely oval prominence, having the orifice of the uterus in the centre, and marked by numerous fine ruga, which radiate from this orifice. The vulva or 'peak in the Giraffe resembles that of the Deer, and the other horned Ruminants, in coming to a point below, within which is the clitoris. From the vulva to the orifice of the urethra, the passage is five inches long in the Giraffe: the proper vagina is lined with a smooth and polished membrane, which is disposed in numerous fine and small longitudinal rugæ.

In the Bison (Bison Americanus) the ovaria are smaller than in the Giraffe, and the peritoneal sacculi, or capsules, are deeper, and have a more contracted aperture; they are situated wholly external to the ovary, with their apertures turned toward those bodies. The fimbriated pavilion is extended along the external border of the opening of the ovarian sac. The smooth caruncles of the uterus are softer, thicker, and more obtuse than in the Giraffe, and are less regularly disposed. Series of longitudinal laminæ are disposed on transverse folds in the cervix uteri; the uppermost are narrower and longer; other series of shorter, broader, and thicker folds intervene between them and the plicated os tiuca. The longitudinal folds of the vagina are also more developed than in the Giraffe.

In the Rein-deer (Cervus Tarandus), the ovaria are small, simple, smooth, ovate bodies, with the larger end attached to the fimbriated aperture of the oviduct; this is situated external to the ovary, between which and the rest of the oviduct the peritoneum is developed into a wide but shallow sac. The oviduct, after a few slight folds at its commencement, is continued straight to the uterus. The cornua are unconnected with each other for the first half of their extent: the first of the cotyledonal processes commences near the orifice of the oviduct, is in the form of a compressed elongated fold of the lining membrane, and extends in the direction of the cornu, with its lower extremity projecting free for the extent of half an inch; the succeeding caruncle, which begins where the other ends, is also elongated and flattened, but is shorter and broader; the third is much shorter, but thicker and broader; the fourth, which is at the commencement of the common uterus, is the smallest. The caruncles of three other rows have similar proportions. In the cervix uteri the lining membrane is produced into numerous

close-set longitudinal laminæ, supported on six successively larger transverse processes, the two last of which project into the vagina, and form the os tincæ. The vagina exhibits at its commencement some longitudinal ruga; but the rest of its inner surface is almost smooth.

The cornua uteri in the Goat and Sheep, fig. 546, g, are relatively longer, more tortuous, and expand more gradually from the ends of the oviducts than in the Deer and Cow; their point of confluence is marked by the style f The structure of the corpus and cervix uteri resembles that in the Bison. The groups of lamina there present the appearance of a number

of successive ora tincæ, ib. c, b. In the virgin Ewe a filamentary band, crossing the constriction between the urogenital canal and vagina represents the hymen.' The canals of Malpighi open into the urogenital passage, near that constriction. The crura clitoridis are embraced by erectores:' the glans projects just within the peak' of the vulva.

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§ 392. In Carnivora.-In the Seal (Phoca vitulina) the ovaria

are inclosed in the peritoneal capsules, situated close to the ends of the cornua uteri. The orifice of the capsule is chiefly formed by the fimbriate pavilion. The cornua continue distinct some way after they are externally joined together, the actual 'corpus uteri,' or common cavity, being very short. The inner surface of the cornua is beset with thick soft eminences, chiefly in the longitudinal direction, which fall into longitudinal ridges as they approach the corpus uteri. This part opens into the vagina on a well-developed round os tincæ. The vagina is lined by a loose usually longitudinally plicated membrane: it is separated, at the immature period, by a well-marked constriction from the urogenital canal. The urethra opens into the beginning of this canal upon a mammillary prominence. The clitoris projects from a small semilunar depression, just within the verge of the anterior part of the urethro-sexual canal: it has an ossicle. The rectum terminates close to the opposite side of the vulva, and a common cloacal sphincter muscle embraces both apertures.

In the White Bear (Ursus maritimus) the ovaria are completely inclosed in a reflected capsule of the peritoneal membrane, like the testes in the tunica vaginalis: a small opening, however, leads into the ovarian capsule at the part next the horn of the uterus. The fimbriated orifices of the oviducts are situated close to this aperture: the ducts pass round the capsule in a tortuous course to the uterus. The two cornua uteri communicate with a short and wide corpus uteri, between which and the vagina there appears to be no very distinct boundary: a broad transverse rugous projection of the lining membrane holds the place of the os tincæ. The vagina is separated from the urogenital canal by two transverse semilunar folds, continued one from each side of the longitudinal eminence upon which the urethra opens. The lining membrane of the urogenital canal is chiefly remarkable for its dark colour and sharply defined ruga, which are mostly longitudinal, but in some places have an oblique or penniform arrangement. The clitoris lies concealed in a deep preputial cavity, attached through its whole length to the anterior or under part of the urethro-sexual canal: it has an ossicle. In Ursus labiatus the inner surface of the cornua uteri is marked by obtuse, depressed, irregular processes, on which are utricular pores. The body of the uterus offers a very contracted area; it terminates by a small circular papillose ridge in a short but wider canal, which traverses a similar but much larger prominence, or os tincæ: these valvular projections are minutely plicated. The lining membrane of the vagina presents many