and later ones have detected considerable error in his conclusions. Even in much warmer climates than he inhabited, the quantity of insensible perspiration has been found considerably less than his statement. In common with almost all writers on a particular topic, he has overcharged its practical importance, making the preservation of health and the cure of diseases almost entirely to depend upon a due regulation of this discharge. His work, though greatly admired, was productive of some controversial attacks, to one of which he made a short reply.

Sanctorius published several other works, in which he displayed much ingenuity and originality of thinking. Of these were, " Methodus Vitandorum Errorum omnium qui in Arte medica contingunt," 1602, fol., called by Haller "a work of great importance, though seldom quoted," which he imputes to a diffuse mode of reasoning in the antique taste, abounding with divisions and general propositions; it however contains many useful observations: "Commentaria in Artem medicinalem Galeni," 1612, fol.; "Commentarius in primam Fen primi libri Canonis Avicennæ," 1626, fol., a memorable work (says Haller) full of his own inventions and ideas." In this he appears as the first who thought of applying the thermometer to medical purposes, as also the hygrometer. He likewise mentions an instrument for exhibiting differences in the pulse; and various other contrivances for medical and chirurgical uses, to which he was led by his mechanical genius. The writings of this eminent author were published collectively at Venice in 4 vols. 4to., 1660. Halleri Bibl. Anatom. Med. Tiraboschi. Eloy Dict. - A.

SANUTO, MARINO, surnamed TORSELLO, a noble Venetian and traveller, was born in the 13th century at Rivo Alto in the state of Venice. He passed his youth in five different voyages to the East, in which he visited Armenia, Egypt, Cyprus, Rhodes, Palestine, and the neighbouring countries. Returning to Venice he composed a work under the title of "Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis," in which he gave an exact description of these provinces, with the manners of the people, &c., and a relation of the changes of government, and the wars undertaken to recover them from the infidels; concluding with proposed means for obtaining better success in this point on some future occasion. After he had finished his work, he travelled through Europe in order to engage its sovereigns to concur in a new attempt; and in 1321 he offered his book to

Pope John XXII. at Avignon, with four maps of the parts described. He also wrote on the subject to several persons of distinction, but all in vain, as no consequences resulted from his applications. Fleury suspects that he was instigated more by interested motives, than by religious zeal; but Foscarini has refuted this suggestion. He appears to have been living in 1329, but it is not known how much longer he survived. The work of Sanuto with his letters was published in 1611 by Bongars in the "Gesta Dei per Francos." The information given in it has always been considered as highly valuable; and Foscarini says of the first part of it, "that it may be termed a complete treatise of the commerce. and navigation of that age, and even of remoter times."

Another MARINO SANUTO or SANADO, who lived to the year 1535, and was much employed in public affairs by the republic of Venice, wrote an ample chronicle of that state from its origin to 150r, which has been published in Muratori's collection of Italian historians. Moreri. Tiraboschi.-A.

SAPOR I., King of Persia, succeeded his father Ardshir or Artaxerxes, founder of the house of Sassan, A. D. 240. He was of a fierce and martial character, strong in body, active, and able. One of his first projects was to renew the war with the Roman empire, to which he was instigated by one Cyriades, son of a commander in the Roman army, who had robbed his father and retired into Persia. Sapor, taking the field, over-ran Mesopotamia and threatened Antioch; when the younger Gordian, under the tutelage of his father-in-law Misitheus, advanced to meet him. The Persian King withdrew into his own dominions, and was followed by Gordian; but this unfortunate Prince was murdered by Philip, who assumed the purple as the prize of his crime. As it was necessary for the usurper to return, he made peace with Sapor, abandoning to him the countries he had invaded. Armenia was at this time possessed as an independant state by Chosroes, whom Sapor caused to be assassinated; and then marching into the country, at the head of an irresistible force, reduced it to the condition of a province. He now, availing himself of the distracted state of the Roman empire, renewed his incursions, obliged the strong towns of Carrhæ and Nisibis to surrender, and laid siege to Edessa. Valerian, who was at this time Emperor, marched to its relief, and the two sovereigns encountered each other in the

neighbourhood of that city. The result was the defeat and captivity of Valerian, A. D. 260, to whose vacant throne the conqueror attempted to raise his vassal Cyriades. He then crossed the Euphrates, and advanced to Antioch, which he took by surprize and sacked. He next passed into Cilicia, and made himself master of Tarsus, after which he laid siege to Cæsarca in Cappadocia. This populous city was bravely defended by the governor, Demosthenes, but was at length betrayed into his hands, and the inhabitants were treated with great cruelty. The tide of success was first turned by the Roman general Balistus, who collecting the remains of the vanquished troops, harassed Sapor's army, and obliged him to retire towards the Euphrates. Odenathus the Palmyrene, whose embassy to Sapor had been treated with the utmost insolence, then appeared as the foe of the Persians, and after various successes, in which he carried off the King's treasures and concubines, drove him across the river. In the meantime Sapor tarnished the glory of his success against Valerian by his ungenerous and inhuman conduct towards his unfortunate captive, whom he carried about with him as a spectacle, and is said to have used as a footstool when he mounted his horse. And when the dethroned Emperor sunk under the weight of his calamities, his stuffed skin was placed as a trophy in the most conspicuous temple of Persia. Gibbon supposes that the tale of these indignities has been exaggerated by national animosity; but the unfeeling and arrogant character of Sapor renders it not improbable. Odenathus afterwards twice advanced as far as Ctesiphon, and reduced to his obedience all the countries between Palmyra and the Tigris. After his death, his widow the celebrated Zenobia maintained her independence against the Persian arms, but sunk under those of the Roman Emperor Aurelian. Sapor, amidst much variety of fortune, continued to aggrandize himself at the expence of the neighbouring barbarous sovereigns, till death closed his career in 271 or 272, after a reign of about 31 years. Univers. Hist. Crevier.

but that she had conceived a son; and the satraps in consequence paid homage to their unborn sovereign. During the minority of Sapor, his capital was plundered by Thair, an Arabian prince, who carried away the King's aunt; but this insult was revenged by him as soon as he came to the age of maturity, and Thair and his people fell beneath his arms. The moderate use he made of his victory caused him to be acknowledged by the Arabs. the protector of their nation. The instigation of the Magi, induced Sapor to become a persecutor of his Christian subjects, whom those jealous rivals rendered suspected to him (probably not without reason) as being more attached to the Emperor Constantine than to himself. It was Sapor's early wish to recover from the Romans the provinces they possessed beyond the Tigris, and for the purpose of gaining information of the military strength of the empire, he sent a solemn embassy to Constantinople under pretext of renewing the peace between the two nations. This was amicably received by Constantine, who returned a letter, in which he pleaded with the Persian King in favour of the Christians; and it is affirmed that his admonitions were effectual in obtaining better treatment for them. Sapor, however, gave such indications of his intention to make good his claims upon the provinces that once were a part of the Persian dominions, that Constantine is said to have been preparing for an expedition into the East when death put a period to his designs.

Immediately upon this event, Sapor broke into the Roman border, laid siege to Nisibis, and made himself master of several important fortresses in Mesopotamia. The death of Tiridates in Armenia deprived the Romans of a firm ally, and eventually rendered that country dependent upon Persia. In a long series of actions on the Roman and Persian borders, between Constantius and Sapor, the arms of. the latter had generally the advantage, as the numerous Persian cavalry could perform all their evolutions without impediment in the plains of Mesopotamia. At the battle of Sin-gara, however, in 348, the Romans put the Persians to flight, and took possession of their camp, a son of Sapor's being made prisoner in the pursuit, and inhumanly massacred; but in the end, the Persians rallied and repulsed the Romans with great slaughter. Nine victories in the field were claimed by Sapor; but he was unable by his utmost efforts, in three different attempts, to make himself master of the strong city of Nisibis which was defended with insu

Sappho was low, brown, and not handsome; and as she was, probably, no longer young when she became enamoured of the beautiful Phaon, his neglect of her is not surprising. Unable to bear her disappointment, she repaired to the famous precipice of Leucate, popularly called the Lover's Leap, and throwing herself into the sea, terminated her life and her love. The Mitylenians are said to have honoured her memory by stamping her image upon their coin.

Of the poems of Sappho, two pieces only are left, an Ode to a Young Female, and a Hymn to Venus, with some fragments quoted by the scholiasts. These have been frequently published with the works of Anacreon, and with other Greek minor poets. Of the Ode, an elegant translation is given by Catullus. That and the Hymn are known to the English reader by the versions of Ambrose Philips.

Some writers mention two Sapphos, one of Eresa, the other of Mitylene, the first the lover of Phaon, the second the poetess; but they are generally regarded as the same. Vossii Poet. Grac. Bayle.-A.

SARASIN, JOHN-FRANCIS, a French miscellaneous writer, was born in 1604 at Hermanville near Caen. He received his education at that

city, and then came to Paris, where his wit, gallantry, and pleasing manners, rendered him a general favourite. He was particularly attached to the Prince of Conti, who appointed him his secretary, and made him the companion of his journies. He resided for some time in Germany, where he acquired the esteem of the Princess Sophia, daughter of the King of Bohemia. A variety of works in prose and verse made him known as a bel esprit, and he paid the penalty of that character by the necessity of displaying his wit on every impertinent demand. "I envy (said he) the lot of myattorney, who gets rich, and begins all his let'ters with I have received the honour of yours,' fearless of criticism." He married a WOman of a temper so intolerable, that he was obliged to separate from her. He incurred the displeasure of his patron the Prince of Conti by a publication on the subject of the quarrel of the Princes in 1651; and his death at Pezenas in 1654 is partly imputed to his chagrin on this account. His works were published collectively by Menage in 1656, with a preliminary discourse by Pelisson, who had been his intimate friend. The prose consists chiefly of a "History of the Siege of Dunkirk by the Prince of Condé," the "History of the Walstein Conspiracy;" a " Dialogue on Love ;" and "Opinions on the Name and Game of Chess:"

the verse consists of eclogues, elegies, sonnets, epigrams, and other short pieces, with a mockheroic poem, entitled, "La Defaite des Boutsrimés." All these works display facility and vivacity, with delicacy of sentiment, but not under the discipline of correct taste. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist. - A.

SARAZIN, JAMES, a sculptor who had a great share in forming the most eminent artists of that class in France, was born at Noyon in 1590. After acquiring the rudiments of his art at Paris, he went for improvement to Rome, where he contracted a friendship with Domenichino the celebrated painter, who, with himself, was employed at Frescati, and who assisted him with his advice. He resided 18 years in the capital of Italy, and returning through Florence and Lyons, revisited Paris about 1628. He there soon rose into notice, and was engaged in various works by Cardinal Richelieu and other persons of distinction. The painter Vouet, who then took the lead at Paris, conceived a great esteem for Sarazin, and gave him one of his nieces in marriage; and the sculptor in return avowed himself the disciple of the painter, and adopted his manner, though in an improved taste. putation at court caused him to be employed by Queen Anne of Austria on a singular occasion. When pregnant of her first child (afterwards Louis XIV.) she vowed an offering to the shrine of Loretto of a statue of pure gold of the weight of the child, provided it should prove a male. The condition being performed on the part of the Virgin, Sarazin was ordered to cast a silver angel of three feet and a half high, which should be in the act of presenting to her the little golden Dauphin, whose weight was just six pounds. This artist executed several works which gave more scope to his genius, of which one of the most admired was a group of two children and a

His re

Paris in 1660, at the age of 70. His school was the most famous in France during that period, and produced several distinguished sculptors. D'Argenville Vies des Sculpt.-A. SARBIEWSKI, MATTHIAS-CASIMIR (Lat. SARBIEVIUS), a Jesuit distinguished for his Latin poetry, was born in 1595 of an illustrious family in the duchy of Masovia in Poland. He entered into the society of Jesus in 1612, and being sent to Rome, devoted himself to the study of classical antiquity and poetry. Some odes which he presented to Urban VIII. caused him to be employed by that pontiff in the correction of the hymns for his new breviary. On his return to Poland he was successively professor of classics, philosophy, and theology at Wilna; and when he took his doctor's degree, Ladislaus V. assisted at the ceremony, and put his own ring upon his finger. That prince afterwards nominated him his preacher, and made him his companion in all his journies. Sarbiewski was cut off in the prime of life, at the age of 45, in 1640, at the time he was employed on an epic poem to be entitled the "Leschiad." His finished Latin poems consist of Odes, Epodes, Dithyrambics, Epigrams, and miscellaneous pieces. It is particularly in the lyric class that he has acquired reputation, and such judges as Grotius, Heinsius, and Borrichius have mentioned him with high applause, and equalled him in some of his strains to Horace. Several of his odes relate to events in the history of his country, which are touched with great fire and poetic spirit. He has been criticised for impurity of diction, and occasional obscurity and extravagance; but upon the whole, few modern Latin poets have exhibited so much force and fluency of imagination. His works have been several times printed: an elegant edition was given by Barbou, 12mo., 1759. Baillet. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

SARDANAPALUS, a king of Assyria, whose name is proverbial for effeminate luxury, lived in an age so remote from the period of authentic history, that the circumstances of his reign are only known from dubious relations, and can scarcely be formed into a consistent narrative. Chronologists differ much in the era to which they assign him : that preferred by Blair is B. C. 740. He is said to have been a prince of great wealth and power, in testimony of which it was inscribed on his tomb that he built the cities of Tarsus and Anchiale in one day; which, however, it is impossible to understand literally. Like most of the Eastern despots he was sunk in gross and

scandalous sensuality; and is even said so far to have degraded himself, as to have assumed a female habit, and sat spinning among his concubines. Under such a debased character the fall of the Affyrian monarchy might naturally be expected. The discontent of his subjects on account of his enormities was fomented by Arbaces a Median satrap, and Belesis a Babylonian priest, who brought a great army of revolters to subvert the throne. Sardanapalus, however, roused by his danger, assembled the troops who remained faithful to his cause, and defeated the insurgents in three different actions. Thinking himself secure by this success, he resumed his dissolute course of life; and while he was preparing a great festival for his victorious army, Arbaces, reinforced by the Bactrians, fell upon them in the night, and forcing the camp, pursued the fugitives with great slaughter to the gates of Niniveh. The King then shut himself up in his capital, and was invested by the revolters, the distant provinces, meantime, throwing off the yoke. The height and strength of the walls of that famous metropolis enabled him to hold out two years; but at length, an inundation of the Euphrates having made a large breach in the wall, Sardanapalus despaired of protracting the defence. Causing, therefore, a vast pile to be made in his palace, on which were heaped all his treasures, whilst within an apartment formed in the pile were enclosed all his women and eunuchs, fire was set to it, and the whole, with the King himself, were consumed in the conflagration. This event is dated B. C. 720, in the 20th year of his reign. Univers. Hist. - A. Blair's Chronol.

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SARNELLI, POMPEY, a learned Italian prelate and various writer in the 17th and early part. of the 18th century, was born at Polignano in the province of Bari, belonging to the kingdom of Naples, in the year 1649. He was early destined. to the clerical profession, and at the age was sent from the schools of his native country to pursue his studies at Naples. He commenced author about the year 1668, and published some pieces in the departments of poetry and polite literature, which met with a favourable reception. In the year 1675, after he had been admitted to priest's orders, Pope Clement X. gave him the appointment of honorary prothonatory. Four years after this, he became an inmate with Cardinal Maria-Vincent Orsini, Bishop of Manfredonia, in the character of a literary companion; and upon the translation of that prelate to the church of Cesena in the Romagna, in 1679, he appointed