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again at London in 1681, in 8vo. More than one third of the ist volume is occupied by a treatise "De Veteribus Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis," and to the whole work was afterwards added an "Appendix Addendorum, Confirmandorum, et Emendadorum," &c. His next work, stated to be printed at the same place, made its appearance in 1671, and is entitled, "Tractatus de Origine Animæ," 8vo. In 1677, he published at Amsterdam, "Notæ et Observationes in G. J. Vossium de Historicis Latinis," 12mo., in which his erudition, accuracy, judgment, and civility are advantageously displayed. Sandius also published at the same place" Centuria Epigrammatum," 1669, 8vo.; "Interpretationes paradoxæ IV. Evangeliorum," 1670, 8vo.; "Confessio Fidei de Deo Patre, Filio, et Spiritu Sancto, secundum Scripturam," 1678, 12mo.; "Scriptura Sacræ Trinitatis Revelatrix," 1678, 12mo.; "Problema paradoxum de Spiritu Sancto, an non per Illum Sanctorum Angelorum Genus intelligi possit?" 1678, 8vo.; "Catalogi Patriarcharum et Episcoporum, Hierosolymitanorum, Antiochenorum, Alexandrinorum," &c. Among the numerous manuscripts which he left behind him, one treatise was found which had cost him incredible labour, and, though in an incomplete state, was published at Freystadt in 1684, 8vo., with additions by the anonymous editor. It is entitled, "Bibliotheca Anti-Trinitariorum, sive Catalogus Scriptorum, et succincta Narratio de Vita eorum Auctorum, qui præterito et hoc Sæculo, vulgo receptum Dogma de tribus in unico Deo per omnia qualibus Personis vel Impugnarunt, vel Docuerunt solum Patrem D. N. J. Christi esse illum verum seu altissimum Deum." This curious work presents us with a long catalogue of Unitarian writers, and of the works which they composed, nearly in chronological order. Besides enumerating the productions of the respective authors, it gives us an account of their different editions, of the translations of them which have been published, and frequently of the occasions on which they were written, together with incidental short extracts, and biographical notices of their writers. The author has been accused of introducing into his catalogue the names of persons who were not in reality Anti-Trinitarians; but whether justly or otherwise, we are not able to decide. Annexed to the "Bibliotheca" are several interesting documents, which throw light on the ecclesiastical history of the Unitarians in Poland and Lithuania. Saxii Onomast. par. v. p.157. Jugemens des Sçavans Num. 100 and 190. Moreri. Sandii Bibl. Antitrin.-M.

SANDRART, JOACHIM, a painter and writer in his art, was born in 1606 at Frankfort on the Mayn. He was first brought up to the art of engraving, but afterwards was a pupil of Gerard Honthorst the painter. It is commonly said that he accompanied this master to England, but Mr. Walpole doubts the fact. He visited Italy, and became personally acquainted with the most eminent artists there, as Bambocio, Albano, and Guido; and applying sedulously to his art, he acquired a considerable reputation. In his subsequent travels through various parts of Europe he met with much lucrative employment, by which, and the sale of pictures and curiosities, he acquired a handsome property. He resided at Amsterdam, Augsburg, and Nuremberg, at the latter of which cities he established an academy of painting, and published the books by which he is chiefly remembered. chiefly remembered. Of these the best known is his "Lives of the most eminent Painters,” in which the Italian are abridged from Vasari, and Ridolfi, and the Flemish from Van Mander, but with additions from his own knowledge and information. He wrote besides, "The Academy of Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting," fol., in German and in Latin; " Admiranda Sculpture veteris," fol.; "Romæ antiquæ et novæ Theatrum," fol.; "Romanorum Fontinalia," fol.; "Iconologia Deorum et Ovidii Metamorphosis," fol. He was living in 1683, at the living in 1683, at the age of 77. De Piles. Pilkington.-A.

SANDYS, or SANDES, EDWIN, an eminent and learned prelate of the Church of England in the 16th century, was the son of William Sandys, Esq., a justice of the peace, and the King's receiver for the county of Lancaster, and born in the year 1519; but the place of his birth is uncertain. His academical education he received at St. John's-college in the University of Cambridge; where he was admitted to the degree of B. A. in 1539, and to that of M. A. in 1541. In 1542, he filled the office of junior proctor of the University. About the year 1547, he proceeded bachelor of divinity, and was elected master of Catherine-hall. Át what age he entered into holy orders we are not informed; but from his father's will, who died in 1548, it appears that he was then vicar of Haversham. In the following year, he was presented to a prebend in the cathedral church of Peterborough; and he also commenced doctor of divinity. In 1552, King Edward VI. nominated him to a prebend in the church of Carlisle; and at the death of that Prince in 1553, he was Vice-chancellor of the

University of Cambridge. On this calamitous event, Dr. Sandys, who had early embraced the Protestant religion, took a zealous part with those who were for raising Lady Jane Grey to the throne; on which account the Duke of Northumberland, when he came to Cambridge as he was marching against Queen Mary, requested the Doctor to maintain Lady Jane's title to the crown in a sermon before the University. With this request Dr. Sandys readily complied, though he had very short notice for preparation; and he preached, we are told, in so pathetic a manner as to draw tears from his audience. His sermon on this occasion he consented to commit to writing, that it might be printed, on the earnest solicitation of the Duke, and others of the nobility, who were of opinion that it would render service to their cause. While he was writing it out, however, a change took place in the state of affairs, the Duke of Northumberland being obliged to retire, and Queen Mary's party proving triumphant. Of this circumstance information was brought to Dr. Sandys, at the time when he was called upon by the person appointed to take the copy of his sermon to the press, and he was urged to adopt measures for his own safety. Such advice he thought it unworthy of him to follow, and with firmness and composure awaited the issue of events. On the same night the Duke of Northumberland sent for him, to proclaim Queen Mary in the market-place at Cambridge, telling him that she was a merciful woman, and that he had sent to know her pleasure, and expected a general pardon; but Dr. Sandys steadily refused to act a part so inconsistent with his late declarations from the pulpit. For this refusal he was deprived of his vice-chancellorship and other preferments, and it was determined that he should be conveyed prisoner to the Tower of London. He was informed of his fate by Mr. Thomas Mildmay, one of Northumberland's party, who said, "he marvelled that a learned man would speak so unadvisedly against a good Princess, and wilfully run into such danger." To which Dr. Sandys replied, "I shall not be ashamed of bonds; but if I could do as Mr. Mildmay can, I need fear no bonds; for you came down against Queen Mary, and armed in the field, and now return for Queen Mary; before a traitor, and now a great friend. I cannot, with one mouth, blow hot and cold after this sort."

Dr. Sandys remained confined in the Tower about seven months, and was then sent to the Marshalsea. He was here when Wyatt came at the head of his insurgents to Southwark,

who invited the Doctor to come and give him his company and advice; but he prudently excused himself. After he had been nine weeks in this prison, he obtained his liberty by means of the friendly mediation of the knight-marshal. He was soon in danger, however, of being committed a second time to custody: for, owing to the intimation of some of his enemies to Gardiner Bishop of Winchester, that he was one of the greatest heretics in England, and one of the principal corrupters of the University, that prelate directed that the strictest search should be made after him. Receiving timely notice of his danger, he was so fortunate as to elude his pursuers and to escape to the continent, where he arrived at Antwerp in May 1554. He had not been in this city many hours, before he was informed that King Philip had given orders for apprehending him; upon which he hastened away to Augsburg, and from thence he removed to Strasburg, where he fixed his abode. At this place he was joined by his wife; but he had afterwards the misfortune to lose her by a decline, and a child by the plague. He was also confined himself for some months, by a very dangerous illness. Towards the end of the year 1558, he took a journey to Zurich, and resided five weeks in the house of the celebrated Peter Martyr, with whom he ever afterwards maintained intimate correspondence. Here he received the welcome intelligence of the death of Queen Mary; upon which he returned to Strasburg, and from thence to England, where he arrived in January 1558-9. In the month of March following, Queen Elizabeth and her council appointed him one of the nine Protestant divines who were to hold a disputation against an equal number of the popish clergy, before both houses of parliament at Westminster. He was also one of the commissioners who were selected to prepare a new liturgy, and to deliberate on other matters for the reformation of the church. After the deprivation of the popish prelates, he was nominated to the see of Carlisle, which he refused; but he accepted of the bishopric of Worcester, and was consecrated on the 21st of December 1559. Dr. Sandys was at this time in his own judgment averse to the use of popish habits by the Protestant clergy. This appears from one of his letters to Archbishop Parker, in which, alluding to the act of parliament for enjoining them, he says, "I hope we shall not be forced to use the vestments, but that the meaning of the law is, that others in the meantime shall not

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take them away, but that they shall remain for the Queen." He was also against retaining any kinds of images in churches, and for burning them all, as the law ordained. Queen Elizabeth had still in her own chapel a crucifix, and images of the Virgin Mary and St. John, and she was desirous that similar furniture should be retained or set up in the most conspicuous part of every church. Against such a regulation Bishop Sandys spoke to Her Majesty with so much zeal, that, as we learn from a passage in one of his letters to Peter Martyr, he was very near losing the Queen's favour, and his bishopric, on the occasion. However, like others of his episcopal brethren who equally disapproved of the habits, he submitted to them, in order to keep the church in the Queen's favour, and he afterwards shewed little tenderness towards those clergymen, who could not, like himself, surmount their scruples on that point.

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Bishop Sandys's first visitation of his diocese took place in 1560; and in the course of his visiting the city of Worcester, "five or six priests of that city were presented for keeping five or six whores a-piece; which was so notoriously scandalous, that the said bishop, in a sermon at the cathedral a few days after, spake of it; and took occasion thence to shew, how necessary it was to allow priests marriage.' About this time differences arose between our prelate and Archbishop Parker, concerning the severity exercised by the former in depriving some of his clergy, and the preaching of others. On the latter subject Bishop Sandys observed, that "his preaching and theirs was to win and edify, not to command. And that as to himself, his people heared him and believed him, and universally favoured him, which was his chief comfort." When, about the year 1565, it was determined that a new translation of the Bible should be made, Dr. Sandys, on account of his great skill in the original languages, was one of the bishops who were appointed to undertake that work, and he had allotted to him as his portion the first and second books of Kings, and the first and second books of Chronicles. In the year 1570, upon the translation of Grindal from the bishopric of London to the archbishopric of York, Dr. Sandys was appointed by the Queen to the vacant see, which he at first earnestly entreated that he might decline, unwilling, perhaps, to be placed in a situation so much within the view and immediate controul of the court; but, to avoid offending Her Majesty, he at length accepted it. In 1571, he was ordered by the

Queen to assist the Archbishop of Canterbury in the ecclesiastical commission both against Papists and Puritans; and he accordingly proceeded against them with great severity, advising, at the same time, that a national council might be called, in order to suppress them and remedy the disorders in the church. That he might be revenged on those of the Puritan party who had the courage to write against his proceedings in the ecclesiastical commission, he complained of them to the Lord-treasurer, and others of the Queen's ministers, and desired that they might be brought before the temporal magistrate, the Council, or the Star-chamber. Because they were so hardy as to defend their non-conformity, he was pleased to charge them with sedition, and to call for their banishment from the city of London. "Good my Lords," said he, as he concluded, "for the love you bear to the church of Christ, resist the tumultuous enterprizes of these new-fangled fellows." Bishop Sandys also laid claim to be superintendant of the Dutch church in London, as had been his predecessor Grindal; which occasioned some uneasiness between him and that congregation. In the year 1576, he was translated to the archbishopric of York. Scarcely had he taken possession of his new see, before an attempt was made to alienate from its temporalities the manor and palace of Bishop's-thorp, under the pretence that it was necessary for the use of the president of the council in the north; but the Archbishop opposed that scheme with so much resolution, that its projectors thought proper to abandon it. While he was contending for the rights of his archbishopric, he was also involved in a troublesome dispute with his successor in the see of London, Dr. Elmer, concerning the rents of that bishopric, and dilipadations.

In the year 1577, Archbishop Sandys resolved to visit the whole of his province. Such a general visitation he was induced to make, it is said, in consequence of the complaints of Dr. Barnes, Bishop of Carlisle, that he had in vain attempted to bring the clergy of his diocese to an absolute conformity, owing to the lax government which had been exercised over them by his predecessor; and that his jurisdiction abounded in Non-conformists, whom he could not reduce to the established orders of the church. In pursuance of his resolution, the Archbishop proceeded in the first place to visit Durham, where Dean Whittingham was the principal person under the Bishop. He was a divine of great learning, and of long standing

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in the church; but he was of puritan principles, and had not been ordained according to the form of the English service book. Against him an accusation had been preferred, branched out into a variety of articles and interrogatories, the principal of which was his Geneva ordination. The Dean, however, instead of putting in an answer to the charge, insisted on the rights of the church of Durham, and denied the Archbishop's power of visitation; upon which His Grace was pleased to excommunicate him. Whittingham now appealed to the Queen, who directed a commission to the Archbishop, the president of the council in the north, and the Dean of York, appointing them to hear and determine respecting the validity of his ordination, and to enquire into the other misdemeanors contained in the articles. The president was a favourer of the Puritans, and the Dean of York, Dr. Hutton, was of Whittingham's principles, and boldly averred, that the latter" was ordained in a better sort than even the Archbishop himself;" so that the commission came to nothing. The Archbishop afterwards obtained another commission, under which an attempt was made to deprive Whittingham as a layman, because that in the certificate of his ordination, there was no mention made of a Bishop, or superintendant, nor of any external ceremonies, not even so much as of imposition of hands; but the president occasioned this commission to be adjourned sine die, by rising up and declaring, that he could not in conscience agree to deprive him for that cause only, "for," said he," it will be ill taken by all the godly and learned men both at home and abroad, that we should allow of the Popish massing priests in our ministry, and disallow of ministers made in a reformed church." These proceedings against Dean Whittingham contributed much to render the Archbishop unpopular; as did likewise great and repeated differences with his own dean. His diligence and activity in finding out Papists, and preventing their pernicious designs, rendered him also very obnoxious to persons of that communion. His life was thus rendered a scene of perpetual contention and warfare, in which he had numerous enemies, by whom many attempts were made to ruin his reputation and interest. One scheme which was planned with this view was of so singular and audacious a nature, that we must not omit a relation of it. In May 1582, he lay at an inn in Doncaster, where, through the contrivance of Sir Robert Stapleton, and other wicked persons, his

concealed or open enemies, the inn-keeper's wife was put to bed to him at midnight, when he was asleep. Immediately after this, according. to the concerted plan, the inn-keeper rushed into the room, awakened the Archbishop with his noise, and held a drawn dagger to his breast, threatening to avenge the injury which he pretended to have sustained. At this moment Sir Robert Stapleton came in, as if suddenly called out of his chamber by the disturbance, and affected to pacify the inn-keeper, whom he sent out of the room with his wife and the. other conspirators, enjoining on them strict secresy, out of a pretended regard for the honour of the prelate, and especially of the church. He then condoled with the Archbishop on the unfortunate situation in which he had been discovered, and advised him to make the matter up, representing how prejudicial it would be to his reputation, and the credit of religion, if, being one against so many, he should offer to stir in such a cause; and persuading him, notwithstanding his innocence, which the Arch-, bishop earnestly protested, and Stapleton acknowledged, that it were better to stop the mouths of needy persons, than to bring his name into doubtful question in an affair of this nature. With this advice the Archbishop unwarily complied, and was laid under contributions from time to time; but afterwards, discovering Sir Robert's malice, dissimulation, and avarice, he determined himself to bring the subject into examination before the Starchamber. By that court he was declared innocent, and sentence of imprisonment and severe fines pronounced on Sir Robert Stapleton and his accomplices. During the latter years of his life, the Archbishop was repeatedly harassed by the intrigues of courtiers, countenanced by the Queen, to obtain advantageous leases of manors, or other property belonging to his see; but he firmly resisted them all, and preserved the estates of his church entire for his successors. At length, after a life of much trouble and contention, this learned prelate died in July 1588, in the 69th year of his age. From his epitaph we learn, that he was openhearted, not knowing how to flatter, extremely liberal and merciful, very hospitable, and easy of access. He was a frequent and very eminent preacher, and master of a style greatly superior. to that of his contemporaries. Several "Letters," and other papers written by him, are inserted in Strype's "Annals," in his "Life of Archbishop Parker," in his "Life of Archbishop Whitgift," and in Burnet's "History of the Reformation." In 1616, twenty-two of his

discourses were collected together, and printed in a small 4to. vol., under the title of "Sermons of the most Rev. Father in God, Edwin, Archbishop of York, &c." We have seen in the preceding narrative, that he was a strict enforcer of conformity upon the Puritans, notwithstanding the objections which he himself avowed against the use of clerical habits borrowed from the Papists. From a passage in his last will it appears, that however his judgment might be warped by his station in life, his real sentiments at the close of his days corresponded with his early impressions. "I am persuaded," says he, " that the rites and ceremonies by political institution appointed in the church, are not ungodly nor unlawful, but may for order and obedience sake be used by a good Christian-but I am now, and ever have been persuaded, that some of these rites and ceremonies are not expedient for this church now; but that in the church reformed, and in all this time of the Gospel, they may better be disused by little and little, than more and more urged." Biog. Brit. Neal's Hist. Purit. Vol. I. p.317. and 348. Toulmin's Ed. Brit. Biog.-M. SANDYS, GEORGE, a traveller and poet, born in 1577, was the youngest son of Edwin Sandys, Archbishop of York. He received part of his education at Oxford, but of his residence in that University nothing is recorded. In 1610 he set out on his travels, which, after visiting several parts of Europe, he extended to Turkey, Greece, Palestine, and Egypt. On his return he employed himself in digesting the observations he had made, which he published in 1615 in a folio volume. His descriptions chiefly relate to the eastern countries, and to Italy, and they added much to the knowledge of those parts then existing in England. The book was popular, and in 1673 reached a 7th edition. Sandys next distinguished himself as a poet. Having already published some part of a translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, he gave the whole in 1632, under the title of "Ovid's Metamorphoses Englished, mythologized, and represented in Figures," Oxford, fol. The work was dedicated to Charles I., and there was subjoined " An Essay to the Translation of the Eneis." In 1636 he published "A Paraphrase on the Psalms of David, and upon the Hymns dispersed throughout the Old and New Testament," 8vo. Of the Psalms several were set to music by Lawes. In 1640 he published "Christ's Passion," a translation of Grotius's sacred drama, "Christus Patiens." In all these works he displayed a good taste and a happy talent at versification, so as to have

merited the applause of Dryden and Pope, as one who much contributed to the improvement of English poetry. He passed his latter days chiefly with Sir Francis Wenman of Caswell, near Witney, who had married his sister; and died in 1643 at the house of his nephew Sir Francis Wyatt, of Bexley in Kent. He was regarded as an accomplished gentleman, as well as a man of great worth, learning, and abilities. He was intimately acquainted with the excellent Lord Falkland, who addressed some poems to him, which are printed in Nichols's "Select Collection," with several by Sandys himself. Wood's Athen. Oxen. Langbaine. New Biogr. Dict. - A.

SAN GALLO, ANTONIO DE, a celebrated architect, was born in the 15th century in the territory of Florence. His father, whose name was Bartolomeo Picconi, was a cooper by trade, and Antonio was brought up to that of a joiner. Having, however, two uncles, Giuliano and Antonio da San Gallo, who were architects of high reputation at Rome, he went to that capital, placed himself under their tuition, and assumed their name. His progress in the art made him known to Bramante, who, in 1512, confided to him the execution of several works. He soon obtained employment from some cardinals; and in the pontificate of Leo X., when his uncle Giuliano quitted Rome, he was appointed his successor as architect of St. Peter's, in conjunction with Raphael. Being likewise a skillful engineer, Leo adopted a plan which he gave for the fortification of Civita Vecchia. Under Clement VII. he was employed in en larging and embellishing the Vatican palace, and in repairing the fortifications of Parma and Placentia. He also constructed for that pontiff a remarkable well at Orvieto, which had two stair-cases for the descent and ascent of beasts of burden. He enjoyed in a peculiar degree the favour of Paul III., who entrusted him with many important works both as architect and engineer; and when Charles V. visited Rome after his Tunisian expedition, San Gallo had the planning of the triumphal decorations with which he was received. The admired Pauline chapel, and the magnificent stair-cases by which the chapels of the Vatican communicate with St. Peter's, were of his construction. The greatest effort of his genius was a wooden model of St. Peter's, made at the cost of more than 4000 crowns, which was greatly admired for the variety and richness of its design. Michael Angelo, however, thought it too much split into little parts, and rather gothic in its taste than conformable to the ma

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