BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

N.B. In the Swedish alphabet the letters å, ä, andö come after z in that order.

ALMQVIST, KARL JONAS LOVE, 1793-1866. One of the most brilliant writers of his time, especially in prose fiction. In the lyric he was a follower of the Phosphorists. One of the few lyrists whose freedom of form approached vers libre. A pastor by profession.

ATTERBOM, PER Daniel Amadeus, 1790-1855. Leader of the Phosphorists. A pure and graceful lyrist of the idealistic type. A professor, first of philosophy, then of esthetics and literature.

BELLMAN, KARL MIKAEL, 1740–1795. The greatest Swedish poet of his century, if not of the entire literature. Composed his best work impromptu to music. Equally noted for vivid objectivity and for his dazzling mastery of complex stanza-form. Unsuccessful in business, he was given a sinecure position by Gustavus III.

BERGMAN, BO, 1869- .A light and delicate lyrist. Also a literary critic and writer of prose fiction.

Bååth, Albert Ulrik, 1853–1912. Went in lyric poetry side by side with Strindberg in the novel, toward ultra-realism. Despised "parlor poetry" and wrote of and for the lower classes. Was also a narrative poet and a student of antiquities. By profession a museum curator. BÄCKSTRÖM, EDVARD, 1841-1886. Dramatist and elegiac poet.

DAHLGREN, FREDRIK August, 1816-1895. Best known for his humorous lyrics in the Vermland dialect. An under-secretary in the government departments.

FALLSTRÖM, DANIEL, 1858- . A prolific author, especially in the field of the love lyric and nature description. Follows the type of Snoilsky. FORSSLUND, KARL ERIK, 1872- . A nature poet of socialistic leanings and a spirited prose stylist. A school-teacher.

FRANZEN, FRANS MIKAEL, 1772-1847. An idyllic, lyric, and religious poet, equally famous for serious and convivial verse. Born in Finland,

where he became a professor, he left his country after the conquest by Russia, entered the Swedish Church, and was made a bishop in 1834.

Fröding, GustaF, 1860-1911. The most powerful and masterly of recent Swedish poets. An objective realist of peasant life, also notable in autobiographical and imaginative lyrics, with alternate humor and tragic irony. Had university training and worked for a time on a newspaper. Lived a bohemian life and broke down from dissipation in 1898, after which time he never regained his former artistic power.

GEIJER, ERIK GUSTAF, 1783-1847. The first poet to awaken interest in Sweden's legendary past. He and Tegnér were the chief figures of the so-called Gothic Society. Patriotic and at times realistic. A noted Swedish historian and professor of history.

GELLERSTEDT, ALBERT TEODOR, 1836-1914. The most compact and epigrammatic of Swedish lyrists. A commissioner in the govern

ment.

GRANLUND, STEN, 1871editor.

Nature poet, translator, and newspaper

GRIPENBERG, BERTEL, 1878- A Finn, author of several very spirited and colorful lyric volumes. Esthetic and modernistic in tendency. Translated Oscar Wilde's Ballad of Reading Gaol. A viscount. By profession a private teacher.

HALLSTRÖM, PER, 1866- Most famous for prose stories, essays, and his comedy Erotikon. Lived for a time in America. Influenced by English and French literature. Chiefly idealistic in his lyric verse. HANSSON, OLA, 1860-. A critic and nature poet of great sympathy. HEIDENSTAM, VERNER VON, 1859- . Highly cultivated by study and travel. The leading living poet of Sweden, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1916. An imaginative realist of great power and depth. Expresses the new aspiration toward nationality in his historical studies, prose fiction, and lyrics. At first a painter.

JOSEPHSON, ERNST, 1851-1906. Of Jewish family, chiefly famous for his genius as a painter. Went insane in 1887.

KARLFELDT, ERIK AXEL, 1864- .The most widely popular living poet in the field of nature and peasant life. Characterized by simple feeling and genial humor. A librarian, and secretary of the Swedish Academy.

KELLGREN, JOHAN HENRIK, 1751-1795. The leading satirist of the Gustavian Period, and secretary to the king.

LENNGREN, ANNA MARIA (born MALMSTEDT), 1755-1817. The bestknown of women poets in Swedish. Cultivated the pastoral, social satire, and didactic poetry.

LEOPOLD, KARL Gustaf af, 1756-1829. Similar to Kellgren. A government secretary, whose poetry was satiric and didactic.

LEVERTIN, OSCAR, 1862-1906. Of Jewish extraction. Literary critic and novelist. Shows a melancholy and mystical spirit in his lyrics, together with great delicacy of form.

Lidner, Bengt, 1757-1793. A brilliant emotional poet, though at times rather strained in style. Had a brief and unhappy career.

MALMSTRÖM, BERNHARD ELIS, 1816-1865. Professor of history at Upsala. An imaginative and tender lyrist.

OSCAR II, 1829-1907. Poet as well as patron of the arts. He celebrated chiefly the naval glory of Sweden.

OSSIAN-NILSSON, K. G., 1875- The chief representative of the Socialists in Swedish poetry. Also a prose writer and dramatist.

Runeberg, JOHAN LUDVIG, 1804–1877. With Tegnér the most popular of epic poets in Swedish. In the lyric he wrote hymns, idyllic poems, and ballads. Of Finnish birth, he is chiefly famous for his narrative lyrics on events in the war with Russia. At first a newspaper writer, then a teacher, poet, and dramatist.

Rydberg, ViktoR, 1828-1895. The greatest academic poet and novelist Sweden has produced. Wrote historical novels and liberal-minded studies of religion. Translated Goethe's Faust and several of Poe's lyrics. His original lyrics are mainly noble and classic in sentiment, but include also very charming realistic poems. Earnest and optimistic

in tone. First a journalist, then a scholar by profession, he undertook studies in many fields.

SEHLSTEDT, ELIAS, 1808–1874. A pleasant and whimsical nature poet. SNOILSKY, CARL, 1841-1903. A nobleman of Polish descent. Introduced vivid personal expression into the poetry of his time. Beginning as an epicurean, especially a lover of Italy, he changed to realistic and national themes. A diplomatist and chief librarian.

STAGNELIUS, ERIK JOHAN, 1793-1823. A philosophic idealist somewhat akin to Shelley.

STJERNE, OSCAR, 1873- A poet of nature and of child life who is rising rapidly in popularity.

STRANDBERG, Karl Vilhelm August, 1818–1877. Pen-name Talis Qvalis. A vigorous romantic and patriotic poet.

Strindberg, August, 1849-1912. An extremely marked and manysided genius. Founder of the modern realistic school in Sweden. Scientist, essayist, novelist, and above all dramatist. Violent, often unbalanced; again, with an exquisite sense of form and beauty. His small volume of lyrics is characteristically diverse as to subject, running from nature to revolutionary topics. His life is too complex in its interest to be epitomized.

SÖDERBERG, HJALMAR, 1869-. Novelist, dramatist, and critic. Very advanced in his views. Partly a realist, partly an esthete.

TAVASTSTJERNA, Karl August, 1860-1899. A Finn. His lyrics have a deep and melancholy grace. An architect by profession. TEGNER, ESAIAS, 1782-1846. The most widely known of Swedish poets outside of Sweden. Author of Frithiof's Saga, the most popular of Swedish epics. Chiefly interested in the legendary past of his country, but very diverse in his lyric themes. By turns witty, idealistic, and romantic. A professor, finally a bishop.

TIGERSCHIÖLD, HUGO, 1860. One of the more conservative living poets. Winner of the chief Academy prize for one of his volumes. TOPELIUS, ZAKARIAS, 1818-1898. A Finn. The most winsome and

lovable of poets writing in Swedish. Simple and popular in appeal, with a religious tendency. A professor at Helsingfors.

WALLIN, JOHAN OLOF, 1779–1839. A pastor, noted for religious poetry. His "The Angel of Death " is one of the best known poems in the language.

WENNERBERG, GUNNAR, 1817–1901. A humorous and patriotic poet. Had a prominent political career.

WIRSEN, CARL DAVID AF, 1842-1912. A reactionary against the modern realistic impulse headed in poetry by Snoilsky. Meditative and fanciful.

ÖSTERLING, ANDERS, 1884- An esthete of the more delicate and mystical type. By occupation a librarian.