A. C. 1527 was to touch; and pay what he owed to the king of England. To thefe propofitions the emperor now replied, That his right to Burgundy fhould remain in full force as before the treaty of Madrid; That all the articles of that treaty fhould be executed, except fuch as he fhould now confent to wave: That he hoped the king of England, and the lord legate, would prevail upon the French king to augment the fum of two millions he had offered; at leaft,, he infifted upon its being payed, over and above what he (Charles) owed to the king of England, a debt which Francis had bound himself to discharge; and befides the reftitution of the effects belonging to the late duke of Bourbon, as it was but reafonable that his heirs fhould receive the benefit of this treaty: That the queen his fifter fhould be fent to France with the hoftages, as foon as the other articles could be executed: That Francis Sforza being accufed of treafon, the emperor would appoint competent judges to try that nobleman; and, in cafe of his being found innocent, he should be re established in his dutchy; but, if convicted, the ftate of Milan fhould remain at the difpofal of the emperor, according to juftice and reafon and lafly, That the king of England Sandoval fhould become a guarantee of the treaty. He moreover demanded, That Francis would indemnify him for the expences to which he had been expofed from the league that monarch had formed against him, leaving the estimation of that expence to the king of England, who was perfectly well acquainted with the nature of all their tranfactions. He faid, he ftill confidered the legate as his friend; he declared himself so well difpofed towards a pacification, that if the king of England fhould think his propofals unreafonable, he would make greater conceffions for him than for any prince in Europe; and as a mark of his fingular efteem for that monarch, defired that all the world would ascribe to

Herbert.

him the glory of having effected the accommoda. A. C. 15279

tion.

These advances were rejected by the kings of France and England, who were now bent upon the profecution of the war; and the cardinal meeting Francis at Amiens, three new treaties were concluded to the following effect: That the duke of Orleans fhould espouse the princess Mary; and the treaty of Moore remain in full force: That the king of England should form no claim upon Francis for the money he should expend in the war of Italy; but pay a certain contribution and proportion to the number of troops which the French king should maintain in that country. The fecond treaty related to trade, and specified certain privileges, which Francis granted to the English merchants. In the third, the two kings agreed that they would never confent to the convocation of a general council, during the pope's captivity: that they would receive no bull, brief, or mandate, from his holiness, until he should be fet at liberty; but, in the mean time, punctually execute every thing that fhould be determined in England by the cardinal legate, with the concurrence of the clergy; and, in France, by the principal members of the Gallican church. Thefe conventions being ratified, the contracting parties thought proper to make fome answer to the propofitions of the emperor. Francis ftill insisted upon the re-establishment of Sforza, and the release of the hostages: while Henry in a formal manner, demanded payment of the fums which Charles had makes fresh borrowed of himself and his father; together with demands five hundred thoufand crowns, which he had en- emperor. gaged to forfeit, in cafe he fhould not espouse the princess Mary he likewise infifted upon being indemnified by Charles for the arrears of the penfion due to him from France according to a ftipulation in the treaty of Windfor; and lastly, he required

Henry

upon the

A. C. 1527. quired him not only to release his holiness, but also to make good the damage he had fuftained from the imperial forces. To thefe demands the emperor anfwered, That he had never denied the debt he owed to the king of England: that he would inform that monarch, by letter, of his reasons for thinking himself acquitted of the penalty upon the contract of marriage; and that he had already sent orders to Italy to fet the pope at liberty.

This was not the first time that Henry had interposed in behalf of Clement; who, together with his thirteen fellow prifoners, had, in letters, follicited the king's protection. Henry had written in their behalf to Charles, who answered in general terms, That he would do all that lay in his power for the fatisfaction of the king of England: but, he had, by this time, refolved to convey Clement to Spain, where he thought he could manage him more for his advantage, than while he remained in Italy; and, in the mean time, he carried his deceit to fuch a ridiculous length, as to order public prayers to be put up for the deliverance of his holinefs. At the fame time he endeavoured to excite jealoufy and diftruft between the kings of France and England. He proposed to the cardinal a match between Henry's natural fon, the duke of Richmond, and Ifabella, princefs of Portugal, to whom he offered to give the dutchy of Milan as a dower; and the king affected to be pleased with the proposal, for his own convenience. But it was not in the power of the emperor to shake the good understanding between him and Francis; who, about this time, fent Anne de Montmorency, with the order of St. Michael, to his new ally; and Henry, in return, complimented him with the garter, by the hands of Arthur viscount de Lifle, naAt Pub. tural fon of the fourth Edward. Charles likewife attempted to gain over the cardinal by advantage

with cardi

qus offers but Wolfey was too far engaged with A. C. 1527. Francis to retreat; or he was determined at all Charles events to be revenged on the emperor, by whom he tampers had been twice deceived; and perhaps the king's nal Wolfey, divorce from Catherine was already refolved upon, in which case he could not poffibly espouse the intereft of Charles. Certain it is, the cardinal, in a letter to the king, dated on the thirty-first day of Auguft, told him it was already reported in Spain, that his majefty intended to obtain a divorce, and counselled him to fend orders to his ambaffadors in that country, to ftifle the rumour as foon as poffible, by alledging it had no other foundation than fome fcruples expreffed by the bishop of Tarbe, on the fubject of the projected match between the duke of Orleans and the princefs Mary, as if there had been fome room to doubt her legitimacy.

Herbert.

We have already faid that the imperial army Affairs of loitered away their time in Rome, and that neigh- Italy. bourhood, where they were greatly diminished by exceffes and the plague; and, with great difficulty, governed by the prince of Orange, whom they had chosen general, at the death of the duke of Bourbon: we have alfo obferved that Francis had fent Lautrec into Italy, to command the forces of a league, in which he had engaged with the Venetians. Andrea Doria, who commanded the French gallies, reduced Genoa under the dominion of Francis, in the beginning of the campaign; and Lautrec, being joined by the marquis de Saluces, made himself mafter of Vigevano, Alexandria, and Pavia. Then he began his march for Naples, was Guicciar admitted into Parma and Placentia; the duke of dini. Ferrara declared for France, and his example was foon followed by the duke of Mantua. The emperor had sent an order to the viceroy of Naples to release the pope, on condition that he should give fecurity for paying the arrears of the army, and detaching

A. C. 1527. taching himfelf from the league; but, as he had no fuch fecurity to grant, the negotiation proceeded very flowly. However, the French general advancing towards Naples, Moncada, who acted for the emperor, at length concluded the treaty, importing, that the pope fhould not act against the emperor in the affairs of Milan and Naples; but grant him a crufade in Spain, and a tenth in his other dominions; and confent to his keeping Civita Vecchia, Oftia, Cita, Caftellana, and the castle of Furli: That his holinefs fhould pay in ready money fixty-feven thoufand crowns to the German, and half that fum to the Spanish troops; and in a certain time make up the reft of what was due to the emperor, amounting to three hundred and fifty thousand crowns; that, in the mean time he fhould be conducted to a place of fafety without the walls of Rome, and give hoftages for the performance of articles. The treaty being figned, and the cardinals Cefi and Orfino delivered by way of fureties, the pope was brought from the caftle of St. Angelo, in order to be conducted to another place; but, as he was afraid of being detained for a confiderable length of time, because he knew it was not in his power to execute the articles, he ef Guicciar caped in difguife to Orvietto, and renounced the treaty as the effect of compulfion.

dini.

Henry is

troubled

with foruples of

It was during the pope's confinement, that king Henry firft declared his intention of being divorced from his wife Catherine, though, in all probability, Conscience. the resolution was taken before this period; inafmuch as we find, by the cardinal's letter to the king, that the report was current in Spain, while he continued at Abbeville. Some hiftorians, in örder to blacken the character of Henry, and tarnifh the merit of the reformation in England, have represented the king's pretended fcruples as the effect of his paffion for Anne Boleyn, daughter of