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A. C. 1522. new the truce with the regent, they would endeavour to defend their country from his attacks. When he received this anfwer, together with a letter from his fifter, reproaching him for his finifter defigns upon her fon James, he ordered the lord Dacres to march with five hundred men to the bor ders of Scotland, and proclaim, that the Scottish parliament fhould make peace with him within a certain time at their peril. His aim was to furnish his own party in that kingdom with a pretence for refufing to ferve the regent, fhould he attempt to make a diverfion in favour of Francis. So far the expedient fucceeded. The duke of Albany having raised an army to make an irruption into England, they no fooner approached the frontiers, than many lords of diftinction refused to proceed, declaring they would not involve their country in an Buchanan, unneceffary war with England. The regent find Truce with ing it impracticable to do any thing of confequence

Scotland.

Act. Pub, Henry declares war against France,

A

for his French ally, propofed a truce, to which the king of England readily affented. The regent then returned to Paris, to concert new measures with Francis; while Henry thus dexterously avoided a war with Scotland, which would have greatly interfered with his other projects.

The French king being informed of what paffed between the emperor and the cardinal at Bruges, fent letters patent to Henry, in which he inferted the article of the league of London, obliging them to affift each other mutually; then he recapitulated every measure the emperor had taken against him in Italy, Champagne, and Flanders ; and fummoned the king of England to execute the treaty, to which he had fo folemnly fworn. Henry affirmed, Francis was the firft aggreffor, and as he had broken his word with regard to the duke of Albany, the English monarch fent over Clarencieux the herald, to declare war againft him as a perturbator

that

of

of the peace of Europe. In order to maintain this A. C. 1522. war, which was altogether unjust and impolitic, the king, by the advice of the cardinal, iffued warrants to all fheriffs and conftables, to number the people from the age of fixteen upwards, and fpecify the effects of each individual, that he might borrow a tenth of the laity, and a fourth of the clergy, befides twenty thousand pounds, which he exacted by way of loan from the city of London. This dangerous expedient produced great clamours among the people, who loudly exclaimed againft Wolfey as the author of the impofition; and the London merchants refufed to fpecify the value of their effects, alledging, that as their substance was diftributed in various channels of commerce, it could not be properly, afcertained: fo that Henry, rather than expofe himself to inteftine commotions, relaxed in the feverity with which he had begun to collect the loan; and received what the merchants thought proper to present for his fervice.

Wolfey was not fo chagrined at this mifcarriage, as at his difappointment with refpect to the papacy. Though the emperor had promised to support his pretenfions with all his intereft, he had no intention to keep his word. He wanted to have a pope who fhould be wholly devoted to his intereft; and he knew Wolfey too well, to think he fhould be able to govern fuch a pontiff: he therefore refolved to promote his own preceptor cardinal Adrian Florentius, a native of Utrecht, to the papacy; and to conduct his election in fuch a manner, that he fhould not run the rifque of forfeiting the friendfhip of Wolfey, who had reminded him of his promife, and fent Richard Pace to manage his interest at Rome, immediately after the deceafe of Leo. Charles took his meafures on this occafion with fuch art and addrefs, that Adrian was unanimously chofen pope in the conclave, without the emperor's

appearing

A. C. 1522. appearing to intermeddle in the affair. The very Guicciar choice, however, of this perfon, plainly pointed

dini.

out the directors of the election; and doubtless, Wolfey must have been equally mortified and incenfed against Charles: though he thought proper to fupprefs his refentment, in hope of being able to profit by the emperor's friendship on fome future occafion, as the new pontiff Adrian VI. was old and infirm. On the other hand, Charles found. it neceffary to keep up a friendly correspondence with the English cardinal, well knowing it intirely. depended on that prelate, whether or not he should The emper- live on amicable terms with Henry. It was therein England, fore with a view to cultivate this friendship, that

or arrives

Treaty of

the emperor, in his voyage to Spain, touched on the twenty-fixth day of May at Dover, where he found the cardinal waiting for him with a magnificent retinue; and Henry in perfon, repairing to the fame place, conducted him to Greenwich. From thence they went together to London, where they were entertained with great fplendor, the cardinal celebrating mafs before them, with all the pomp of a fovereign pontiff: then the king invited Charles to Windfor, where he was inftalled in the order of the garter, to which his brother Ferdinand had likewife been admitted.

After this ceremony, the two monarchs conferred Windfor. together upon more important fubjects, and ratified the treaty of Bruges in the most folemn man. ner. In the preamble, Henry declared himself abfolved of all obligations to Francis, who had begun the war against the emperor; and fent the duke of Albany into Scotland, contrary to his engagements. The contracting parties agreed, That Charles fhould efpoufe the princefs Mary, as foon as fhe fhould have attained the twelfth year of her age, and receive as her portion four hundred thousand crowns, from which, however, Henry

fhould

fhould deduct what he had lent to Maximilian: A. C. 1522. That, if either party should recede from this contract of marriage, he fhould pay four hundred thousand crowns to the other: That, by a certain limited time, the emperor fhould invade France on the fide of Spain with an army of forty thousand men, while the king of England fhould enter Picardy with the like number: That neither peace nor truce fhould be concluded without their mutual confent: That the conquefts made in France fhould belong to him who had the best pretenfions to the conquered places; and, That in order to avoid all difpute on this fubject, they fhould declare their feparate pretenfions before the beginning of the campaign: That the two powers fhould affift each other reciprocally, in cafe the king of England might be inclined to fubdue Scotland, or reduce Ireland to implicit obedience; or the emperor be difpofed to recover Guelderland or Friefland; and in cafe England fhould be attacked by the Scots, or Flanders by the duke of Guelderland: That they fhould fubmit to the fpiritual jurifdiction of the cardinal of York, as pope's legate, and require him to pronounce the fentence of excommunication against that prince who fhould first violate the treaty, which in the mean time should be concealed from the knowledge of the common enemy: That Rymer. the pope should be defired to engage in this league Herbert. as a contracting party: Thar the Venetians fhould be admitted into the alliance, provided they would renounce their engagements with France: and, That the two principal powers fhould endeavour to detach the Swifs from the French intereft, or at This leaft, prevail upon them to remain neuter. league being figned and confirmed, Charles obliged himself by lettters patent, to make up to Henry the fums that were due to him from Francis, in cafe that prince should, on account of this alliance, re

fuse

Stowe,

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A.C. 1522. fuse to continue the payments to which he had bound himself by treaty. The emperor likewife engaged to pay to Wolfey the penfion of twelve thousand livres, which he had received from Francis in lieu of the bifhopric of Tournay, befides an annuity of two thoufand five hundred ducats, in the room of what he drew from the fee of Badajox. But these liberalities of the emperor were amply recompenfed by a large fum which he borrowed of Henry before his departure.

During the five weeks he fpent in England, he won the affection of the whole court by his affability and prefents; and recommended himself ftrongly to the nation in general, by appointing the earl of Surrey admiral of his fleet. While he refided at London, that nobleman, who commanded the joint fleets of England and Flanders, made two defcents upon the coaft of France, from whence he carried off confiderable booty; and afterwards convoyed the emperor to Spain. On his return from with a body this expedition, he was fent over to Calais with a of forces in- body of forces, to join the count de Bure, the imto Picardy.,perial general; and thefe having ravaged part

Earl of

Surrey fent

Herbert.

of

Picardy, undertook the fiege of Hefdin, which, however they could not reduce. Then they attacked Dourlens, which they took and burned, together with Marquife, and fome other places of little importance; but, the winter approaching, and diffenfion prevailing between the generals, the earl of Surrey withdrew his troops to Calais, and Guicciar- returned to England. The French king was still more unfortunate in Italy, where Lautrec, who commanded his troops, was defeated at Bicoque, by Profper Colonna general of the allies. This laft likewife made himself mafter of Genoa by furprize: fo that Francis retained nothing in Italy but the caftles of Milan and Cremona; and these were Mezerai, clofely blocked up by the Imperalifts. In Navarre the French kept their ground with good fuccefs,

dini.

ander

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