A. C. 1513. her enemy, in confequence of which he had re turned to his obedience. Henry's eyes were now fully opened. He and his allies had ufed the declaration of defending the church, as, a pretence only, to cover their own feparate interefts and now the pope had accomplished his own aim, he pretended to interpret the preamble of their league in the literal acceptation. He had been more than once duped by his father-in-law the king of Arragon; he had nothing to expect either from the power or fincerity of the emperor, and he forefaw that he fhould be unable of himfelf to maintain a war against the whole ftrength of France, from which he therefore endeavoured to extricate himself with the firft opportunity. Lewis, fired with the ambition of recovering Milan and Genoa, refolved to fow jealoufies and diffentions among the allies; and with this view renewed a negotiation with the emperor, touching a marriage between his daughter Renee, and Charles archduke of Austria. Such an alliance would have been very agreeable to Maximilian and Ferdinand; but, the pope could not behold the profpect of it without the utmoft difquiet; for, he was not more afraid of feeing Milan in the hands of the French, than of its being poffeffed by a grandfon of the emperor, and king of Arragon. He and the Swifs paffionately defired to fee the family of the Sforzas in poffeffion of that dutchy. The chief aim of the Venetians was, to procure an equitable peace with the emperor, which they could not obtain without the affiftance of France; and this was not to be acquired but by aiding Lewis to recover the Milanefe. Maximilian was the more averse to peace, as he found his account in the war, which was carried on at the expence of his allies against Venice; and it was the intereft of Ferdinand to keep the affairs of Italy embroiled, . that deceit and that Lewis might not have leifure to convert his 4. C. 1514 attention to Navarre, which the Spaniard had conquered. For this purpose he acted a great variety of parts; fometimes he affifted the emperor against Ferdinand's Venice; fometimes he ufed his good offices with diffimulaMaximilian, in favour of the republic; at other tion, times he inftigated the pope and, the Swiss against Lewis; and then he offered his affistance to that prince, in conquering the dutchy of Milan. His whole conduct was made up of artifice and deceit, practifed for his own felfifh purposes: but, at length his cunning overfhot itself, for he lost his reputation to fuch a degree, that no prince would confide in his profeffions. Pope Leo, alarmed at the negotiation which Lewis had renewed with the emperor, endeavoured to reconcile him with the Swifs, that he might be the lefs difpofed to unite with Maximilian, and the king of Arragon; but, all his efforts proved ineffectual. Ferdinand, afraid of being left alone in the lurch, prolonged the truce for another year with Lewis; and his holiness endeavoured to promote an accommodation between the emperor and the Venetians, that the French might be difcouraged from revifiting Italy. After fome negotiation, they chose him arbiter of their difference, and he pronounced a provifional fentence, ordaining, That both parties should lay down their arms: That the emperor fhould put, by way of depofit, in his hands, the town of Vicenza, and all that the Spaniards occupied in the territories of Padua and Trevifo: That the Venetians fhould act in the fame manner with refpect to Crema; and pay fifty thousand ducats to the emperor: but, That this provifional agreement should be null, if not ratified by both parties; and in that cafe, he engaged to pronounce a definitive fentence within the year. This award was accordingly rejected by the Venetians, Bb 3 who A.C. 1514. who thought a truce would be more prejudicial to ni, Such was the state of affairs in Europe when Henry returned from France, and celebrated his victories with all forts of public rejoicing. A parliament was affembled on the third day of January, Promotions. tho' nothing of moment was tranfacted. During the feffion, the king conferred upon the earl of Surrey the title of duke of Norfolk, which his father had loft with his life at the battle of Bosworth; his eldest fon Thomas became earl of Surrey; Charles Brandon viscount de Lifle was created duke of Suffolk; Charles Somerset was promoted to the earldom of Worcester; and, Margaret daughter of the duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV. obtained the title of countefs of Salisbury, as heirefs of her brother the earl of Warwick, who had been beheaded. The bishopric of Lincoln becoming vacant, was bestowed upon Thomas Wolfey by the pope, who had referved to himfelf all the collations of the and admini- English fees; and he afterwards appointed Wolfey adminiftrator of the diocefe of Tournay, on pretence of its being abandoned by the bishop. Thomas Wolfey created bishop of Lincoln, ftrator of the diocefe Rymer. Peace be land and While the pope took these measures to make the minifter of England propitious to his views, Lewis king of France made overtures of peace to Henry, by means of the duke of Longueville, who had been taken in the battle of Guinegaíte. That nobleman acted as a private ambafiador, in opening the eyes of the English monarch with regard to the conduct of his allies; and demanded his fifter Mary in marriage for Lewis, who had loft his wife Anne of Brittany in the beginning of the preceding year. No Englishman was privy to this negotiation but the king himself, and Wolfey bishop of Lincoln, until both parties had agreed to almost all the articles propofed; and then the French king fending over two public ambaffadors, a ceffation of arms took took place while the affair was on the carpet. Af- A. C. 1514, ter fome debate and difficulty, three different treaties were figned on the feventh day of Auguft. The first imported, That peace and friendship fhould fubfift until one of the parties Thould die; and that his fucceffor fhould within the year give notice to the furvivor, whether or not he would renew the treaty: That all impofitions laid within two and fifty years, by either king, to the prejudice of the other's fubjects, should be abolished: That this peace fhould not be deemed broken and annulled on account of whatever violations might be committed on either fide: That one party fhould not afford refuge and protection to the other's rebels. Both kings obliged themselves to affift each other, for the mutual defence of their dominions: for the recovery of territories retained by other princes, and in cafe of either's being attacked on account of this treaty; in which the pope, the Swifs, and the king of Scotland, were comprehended as the allies of Lewis, while Henry nominated as his friends, the pope, Bologna, with all the cities of St. Peter's patrimony, the archduke of Auftria, and the Swifs. The second treaty ftipulated, That the marriage between Lewis and the princess Mary should be contracted by proxy, and celebrated in ten days after the date of the treaty: That the king of England fhould fend the princefs at his own expence to Abbeville and, That the French king fhould confummate the nuptials in four days after her arrival: That Mary's dower should amount to four hundred thousand crowns, one half of which fhould be expended in jewels: and, that in cafe of requifition, Lewis fhould not be obliged to restore above that value: That, with regard to the other half, Henry fhould pay it by giving an acquittance to the French king, for fo much of one million which Lewis obliged himself by this treaty to pay to the Bb 4 king A.C. 1814 king of England: That the jointure of Mary fhould be as great as that which had been affigned to any queen of France; and in cafe of her furviv ing Lewis, the fhould have it in her power to live in France or England, according to her own inclination. In the third treaty, Lewis acknowledged, That Charles VII. of France had, in the pacification of Eftaples, engaged to pay to Henry VII. of England and his fucceffors, the fum of feven hundred and fifty thoufand crowns, the arrears of which it was incumbent upon him (Lewis) to dif charge: That his father Charles duke of Orleans, owed a certain fum to Margaret of Somerfet, grandmother to Henry VIII. and, That as these two debts ftill remain unliquidated, Lewis promised to pay to the king of England, or his fucceffors, one million of crowns, on account of the arrears due, in teftimony of his affection, and in order to render the Ld.Herbert. peace more durable. Before this treaty was figned, A&t. Pub. Mary declared, in prefence of a notary and witneffes, that he had been forced to plight her troth to the prince of Caftile, archduke of Auftria, who had failed in the performance of his promife to marry her by proxy, as foon as fhe fhould have attained to the fourteenth year of her age; befides fhe alledged, that the counfellors, and confederates of Charles exerted all their influence, in attempts to inspire him with hatred against her brother the king of England. The months of Auguft and September were spent in preparations for the voymarried to age of this new queen of France, and in the folemnization of the marriage by proxy in England and France, and the ratification of the treaties; and then Mary was conducted with a numerous retinue to Abbeville, where the marriage was confummat ed on the ninth day of October. Princess Mary of England, Lewis of In the mean time cardinal Bambridge dying at Rome, the archbishopric of York was bestowed on Wolfey, |