screw driver shown at H, was made to handle large screws and slotted head bolts that could not be turned with the usual pattern of screw driver. The wrench at I was specially devised for removing castellated valve chamber caps. The bars at J, and K, are very useful for bending or straightening mud guard irons, step and lamp brackets, tierods, etc. That at J, is an adjustable type, one of the projections being movable and capable of being inserted in any one of the holes provided on the handle. At L, is shown

Fig. 84.-Special Tools That Simplify Automobile Repair Work.

a special wrench made for removing the valve chamber caps having an internal hexagon socket and also hub caps of the same design. The wrench at M, was made to handle cylinder head retaining bolts that could not be reached with an ordinary monkey wrench, because a wrench of the proper size was too large through the jaws to fit the bolt heads which were set in depressions in the cylinder head casting.

Another group of useful tools is shown at Fig. 85, these also being so clearly outlined that but brief description will be necessary. The two blocks A, are used for flaring the ends of copper or

brass tubing used in making oil or fuel leads so they will fit the coned end of couplings or unions. The blocks are steel, cast iron or bronze, of the same size and held together in proper relation by small dowels. The holes are of proper size to handle 3-16, 1-4, 5-16, 3-8 and 7-16 inch diameter tubing respectively, and the ends are countersunk so the desired flare may be obtained. In using these, the tube is placed in the proper sized hole, and firmly grasped

Fig. 85.-Another Group of Special Tools and Appliances of Value to Automobile Repairmen.

between the blocks in a vise. A portion of the tube protrudes above the surface, and is expanded by driving a taper punch so the tubing fits the sides of the countersink.

There is no more annoying condition that confronts the repairman occasionally than dropping a bolt, nut or other small part into some particularly inaccessible place such as a crankcase or gearcase interior from which it must be removed at any cost. For this reason, the utensils illustrated at Fig. 85, are of special interest. That shown at B, is a small electro-magnet having a flexible handle so it can be thrust into very inaccessible places. The magnet

is a piece of soft iron about 1⁄2-inch diameter, having a hole bored at one end to receive a piece of 1/4-inch annealed copper tubing.

Three layers of No. 18 magnet wire are wound around it, one end of the wire being soldered to the copper handle close to the point of juncture with the iron piece. The other end of the wire is brought through the tube and is allowed to protrude for several inches at the other end. A small terminal is soldered to the handle where the wire comes out. To use this, the magnet is connected to a six volt battery, preferably dry cells (as the resistance of the magnet winding is so low it might short circuit a storage battery), and brought in contact with the nut or bolt to be removed. If this is iron or steel, it will be attracted by the magnetic force and held to the magnet and it can be easily withdrawn.

Unfortunately, all small parts are not of magnetic material, and as such a magnet would not be of any use if the object were brass, copper or aluminum, the tool shown at B is also useful. This is made on the principle of a fruit picker, a number of fingers being bound together at one end and secured in a handle, while a sliding ring can be brought down toward the lower end to close them upon the object to be removed. The fingers are light steel rod, flattened and serrated at the lower end to afford a grip on an irregularly shaped piece. The sliding ring is worked by a light rod extending to the top of the handle where it may be easily raised and depressed when the lower portion is thrust in the interior of a crankcase, or gear housing in search of some matter out of place. Either of these devices will be found to have many uses, and the expense of making them is so slight as to be almost negligible.

It is not always possible to provide retention or clamping nuts. having square sides to hold a wrench. In some cases this construction would be objectionable on account of appearance, in others, as in internal clamping nuts, it is not possible to fit either a hex or a square. Nuts of this form are usually provided with a series. of holes drilled in their face, if of the internal form or with slots milled across their periphery, if of the external form. While it is possible to move these with a drift pin and hammer it is always preferable to use spanner wrenches for the purpose. These

are very simple and may be easily made by any repairman. The solid form shown at D, Fig. 85, has a disadvantage of only fitting one size of nuts. The adjustable form shown at F, which has a swinging arm, may be set to handle quite a range of work. The nut is turned by small pins projecting from the face of the wrench and adapted to fit into the holes in the nuts. For external nuts having milled slots, the wrench shown at Fig. 85, E, is used. The large spanner wrench shown at G, is utilized for removing valve chamber caps provided with a castellated top. The special socket wrench is useful where bolts or nuts must be turned from a distance as in working down through a seat or floor board where an ordinary wrench could not be handled.

A chain repair block is shown at I. This consists of a cast iron base, having a channel milled through it or cored therein to fit the size of chain the block is to support. A piece of steel boiler plate, a little less in thickness than the chain roll diameter and having three projecting fingers is made to rest on the top of the block. The function of the slots between the fingers is to provide space for supporting the rollers while the chain link sides rest on the finger. This forms a secure method of holding the drive chain for driving out rivets that hold the chain links and rolls together. It is often difficult to replace a chain on sprockets if no tool is available for holding the chain ends together while inserting the master link. The simple tool shown at J, was made by the writer in less than a quarter of an hour and proved very useful for doing this work. The main portion consisted of a piece of cold rolled steel rod having a hook bent up at one end and carrying a wing nut and sliding hook on the other. The sliding hook was simply an eye piece having a hook formed at one end. Tightening on the wing nut moved the eye piece on the shank and the ends of the chain were brought together owing to the movement of the hooks which filled the space between two of the rollers at each end. A magazine wrench which is useful in removing a number of nuts of the same size rapidly without necessitating handling them is shown at K. Tools of this form have been used by racing drivers in making quick demountable rim changes with ease and rapidity. The device consists of a cheap bit brace and special long socket

wrench. A simple clip is attached to the socket wrench, this having a projecting pin into the interior in order to hold the nuts from coming out of their own weight or by spring pressure. A coil spring is used back of the nuts in order to force these down against the stop pin. Assume that a rim is held by six nuts. It will be apparent that all of the nuts may be carried in the body of the wrench without any trouble. To release the nut it is merely neces

Fig. 86. Showing Construction of Wheel and Gear Pullers.

sary to catch it on the thread, screw it home and then pull out the socket. The little lock spring will move back and permit another nut to drop in place ready to be screwed onto the next retaining bolt, the spring insuring constant feed. The special wrench shown at L, is the usual form of end wrench with the jaw portion bent at right angles to the handle. A wrench of this form can often be used where the regular type would be at a disadvantage. Mention has been previously made of valve chamber caps that were