prevent it from falling out. To remove these pins a simple curved lever, as shown at Fig. 55, B, is used. This has one end tapering to a point and is intended to be inserted in the eye of the cotter pin, the purchase offered by the handle permitting of ready re

Fig. 55.-Outlining Use of Cotter Pin Pliers, Spring Winder and Showing Practical Outfit of Chisels.

moval of the pin after the ends have been closed by the cotter pin pliers.

A complete chisel set suitable for repair shop use is also shown at Fig. 55. The type at C, is known as a "cape" chisel and has a narrow cutting point and is intended to chip keyways, remove metal out of corners and for all other work where the broad cutting edge chisel, shown at D, cannot be used. The form with the

wide cutting edge is used in chipping, cutting sheet metal, etc. At E, a round nose chisel used in making oil ways is outlined, while a similar tool having a pointed cutting edge and often used for the same purpose is shown at F. The centre punch depicted at G, is very useful for marking parts either for identification or for drilling. In addition to the chisels shown, a number of solid punches or drifts resembling very much that shown at E, except that the point is blunt should be provided to drive out taper pins, bolts, rivets, and other fastenings of this nature. These should be pro

Fig. 56.-Special Pliers for Use in Repairing Weed Tire Chains.

vided in the common sizes. A complete set of real value would start at 1-inch and increase by increments of 1/32-inch up to 12-inch. A simple spring winder is shown at Fig. 55, H, this making it possible for the repairman to wind coil springs, either on the lathe or in the vise. It will handle a number of different sizes of wire and can be set to space the coils as desired.

Anti-skid chains form an important item in the equipment of the car and as they are subject to wear it is desirable to replace the worn cross chains with new ones from time to time, as some of these wear out quicker than others. A special pair of pliers having overlapping ends as shown at Fig. 56, is intended to assist in re

moving and applying the cross chains. In order to remove the chains the hooked link at each end is spread apart by the wedging action of the plier jaws which make it possible to remove the cross chains from the side links. When a cross chain is to be applied the hooked link is placed near the fulcrum or hinge pin and the hooks may be bent down over the side chain by compressing the plier jaws.

If the automobile repairman was to provide himself with every

Fig. 57.-At Left, Useful Combination Pliers Having a Series of Interchangeable Heads; at Right, Sectional View Outlining Construction of Gasoline Blow Torch.

variety of tool that could be used to advantage, the investment in pliers alone would be large. This has resulted in the development of an interchangeable tool consisting of one standard pair of handles that will take a large variety of pliers, pincers and shears in the form of readily detachable heads which will fit the same handle. The change is readily made and a number of useful tools obtained without requiring a large investment. Samples of some of the most popular heads are shown at Fig. 56, below the handle. That at A, is a leather or paper punch and may be obtained also

for punching metal. B, is a pincer head adapted for heavy work. The head at C, is an alligator form which can be adapted to a wide range of sizes. At D, a combination plier head is outlined, this consisting of flat nose, cutting and gas pipe pliers. At F, is shown a pair of tinner's snip blades to fit the handle. The head L, is used for working on Weed tire chains.

The tool is easily taken apart, the operation consisting of removing the wing nut C, from the centre bolt, lifting off the top part of the handle and then setting any desired head in the recess of each handle so the shank of the head is flush with the face of the handle. The square shank B, on the bolt is entered into the square hole A, in the top handle. After the two parts are together the wing nut C, is screwed down as tightly as possible. The bolt which holds the handles together, turns in the lower half, but cannot fall out. The object of this is to permit the lower half of the handle to turn on the bolt because on account of the square shank on the bolt and the square hole in the upper half of the handle, the bolt itself turns with this half, thereby preventing any possibility of the wing nut becoming loose in operation. This interchangeable tool is supplied in a neat box, having a place for the handle and the various heads supplied with it.

Mention has been previously made of the utility of the gasoline blow torch. A typical torch is shown in section at Fig. 57, B, in order that the internal construction may be readily understood. It consists of a main container of heavy sheet metal to which an air pump is attached at one side to act as a handle. The lower portion of this pump communicates with the interior of the tank by means of a bent pipe which deflects the air to the top of the fuel receptacle. The upper portion of the tank is supplied with a burner having a pipe leading to the bottom. A filling plug is inserted at the bottom of a conical depression which acts as a funnel when the torch is inverted for filling. The function of the air pump is to force air into the tank and displace the liquid fuel, forcing it to the burner where it is vaporized. The burner is of the Bunsen pattern and gives a blue flame. The intensity of the flame is regulated by a needle valve. In order to start the torch it is necessary to fill the pilot cup under burner with gaso

line and to ignite same, letting it burn until the torch burner body is sufficiently heated to vaporize the liquid fuel. Three forms of these blow pipes are shown at Fig. 58. That at A, has a pump set into the tank and a more powerful burner that will give a very hot flame for brazing. The torch at B, has a flat fuel tank instead of the usual cylindrical form and has the filler opening at the top instead of at the bottom. The flat torch is easier to carry than the round ones because it occupies less space. A very small

torch which needs no air pressure is shown at C. Sufficient heat to vaporize the fuel and to start the torch may be obtained by holding a match at the curved portion of the burner. This form does not produce the intense heat that the torches having internal air pressure do, but the flame is of sufficient intensity to heat a soldering iron, or perform any of the work incidental to soldering.

Drilling Machines.-Drilling machines may be of two kinds, hand or power operated. For drilling small holes in metal it is necessary to run the drill fast, therefore the drill chuck is usually driven by gearing in order to produce high drill speed without turning the handle too fast. A small hand drill is shown at Fig.