ADLER-ADYE. "Earthly Paradise." Mr. Adams- | ADELAIDE, BISHOP OF. (See ADLER, THE REV. HERMANN, He ADLER, NATHAN MARCUS, D.D., 11 pointed Chief Rabbi of Oldenberg, ADYE, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR AIMARD, GUSTAVE, a French novelist, born at Paris, Sept. 13, 1818, embarked as a cabin-boy at an early age for America, and lived nearly ten years amongst savage tribes. He afterwards travelled through Spain, Turkey, and the Caucasus, being often mixed up in conspiracies and wars. In 1848 he went to Paris, and was appointed an officer in the Garde Mobile. After some other travels M. Aimard resolved to publish his adventures in the form of romances. "Les Trappeurs de l'Arkansas (one of his most popular works), "Le Grand Chef des Aucas,' and "Le Chercheur de Pistes" appeared in 1858; "Le Cœur loyal," "Les Francs-Tireurs," and "Les Rôdeurs de Frontières" in 1861; "La Main-Ferme" and "ValentinGuillois" in 1862; "Les Aventuriers" and "Les Nuits Mexicaines" in 1863; "L'Araucan,' "Les Chasseurs d'Abeilles," "Les Fils de la Tortue," in 1864. His later works are, "Zeno Cabral," 1865; 'La Guaranis," 1865; "La Forêt vierge;' "La Belle Rivière; ""Aventures de Michel Hartmann ; "Cardenis; "La Guérilla fantôme"; and "Les Bisons blancs," 1876. Several of his works originally appeared in the Moniteur. Under a pseudonym he published, in 1847, a work entitled, "Un Coin du Rideau." وو 66 AINSWORTH, WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., L.R.C.S., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., &c., cousin of Mr. W. H. Ainsworth, was born in 1807. Having travelled abroad, he became, in 1829, editor of the Journal of Natural and Geological Science. On the breaking out of cholera in Sunderland, in 1832, he was one of the first to repair thither in order to study the new epidemic, and he published the result of his observations in a work " On Pestilential Cholera." He was successively appointed surgeon to the cholera hospitals at St. George's, Hanover Square, and at Westport, Ballinrobe, Claremorris, and Newport, in Ireland. Whilst in that country he lectured on geology in Dublin and Limerick. In 1835 he was appointed surgeon and geologist to the Euphrates Expedition, and published "Researches in Assyria, Babylonia, and Chaldæa," 1838, in which year he was also sent by the Royal Geographical Society, and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, to the Nestorian Christians in Kurdistan. His "Travels in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and Armenia," 1842, and "Travels in the Track of the Ten Thousand Greeks," of which an analysis was also given in Bohn's edition of Xenophon's "Anabasis," were the result of the two journeys, extending over a period of seven years. Mr. Ainsworth has edited "Claims of the Oriental Christians," "Lares and Penates; or, Cilicia and its Governors,' "The Euphrates Valley Route to India," "On an Indo-European Telegraph by the Valley of the Tigris" (since carried out by the Turkish Government), "All Round the World," "The Illustrated Universal Gazetteer," &c. Mr. Ainsworth is a member of many foreign societies. He was one of the founders of the "West London Hospital," of which he is at present the Treasurer and one of the Trustees. AINSWORTH, WILLIAM HARRISON, novelist, eldest son of the late Thomas Ainsworth, solicitor, of Manchester, a member of an ancient Lancashire family, was born in 1805, and having been educated at the Free Grammar School of Manchester, was articled in his sixteenth year to Mr. Kay, a leading solicitor of that city. Losing his father at nineteen, he came to London to finish his term with Mr. Jacob Phillips, of the Inner Temple. Before he was of age he published the romance of “Sir John Chiverton," which was highly praised by Sir Walter Scott. His marriage, in 1826, with a daughter of the late Mr. Ebers, publisher of Bond-street, led Mr. Ainsworth to abandon the study of law in order to devote himself to literature in the joint capacity of author and publisher. The latter vocation, however, he soon gave up, 66 AIREY. restricting himself to what he thenceforth regarded as his profession. Rookwood," which appeared in 1834, established his fame as a writer of fiction, and passed through several editions : this was followed by “Crichton," which was equally successful. The first number of "Jack Sheppard" was published in January, 1839, in Bentley's Miscellany, of which periodical Mr. Ainsworth became editor on the retirement of Mr. Dickens in March, 1840. The story of "Jack Sheppard" has always been extraordinarily popular with the multitude; and soon after the appearance of Mr. Ainsworth's story in Bentley eight different dramatic versions were produced on the stage. "Guy Fawkes," which appeared in Bentley, and the "Tower of London," added materially to this writer's reputation. In 1841 he published, week by week, in the Sunday Times, "Old St. Paul's." Having at the close of 1841 retired from the editorship of Bentley, he established the magazine which bore his name, and in which appeared "The Miser's Daughter," "Windsor Castle," and "St. James's; or, the Court of Queen Anne; the latter containing a generous defence of the character of Marlborough. In 1845 Mr. Ainsworth became proprietor and editor of the New Monthly Magazine. Three years later he published in the Sunday Times, "Lancashire Witches," followed in 1854 by an historical romance, "The Star Chamber," and a domestic story, illustrative of old English manners, styled "The Flitch of Bacon, or the Custom of Dunmow," -a custom which owes its revival to Mr. Ainsworth's liberality. In 1855 a collection of his Ballads, Romantic, Fantastical, and Humorous," appeared; followed in 1856 by another novel, "The Spendthrift," originally published in Bentley's Miscellany, which periodical had become Mr. Ainsworth's property two years previously. In 1857 he resumed and issued in monthly parts "Mervyn 66 13 Clitheroe," a semi-autobiographical tale; the publication of which, in a serial form, had been accidentally interrupted. After another interval, during which he composed a spirited poem on a famous Breton legend, entitled "The Combat of the Thirty," he produced in 1860 a romance of the times of the Commonwealth, called Ovingdean Grange," into several parts of which are interwoven his own personal experience as a resident in the South Down country. This was followed by "The Constable of the Tower," commenced in Bentley in 1861, and since republished separately; "The Lord Mayor of London; or, City Life in the Last Century," in 1862; "Cardinal Pole; or, the Days of Philip and Mary," in 1863; and "John Law, the Projector," in 1864. His more recent works are the "Spanish Match; or, Charles Stuart in Madrid; the "Constable de Bourbon," "Old Court," "Myddleton Pomfret," and "Hilary St. Ives "-the three latter being stories of modern life, and containing descriptions of the scenery of the southern counties-" Boscobel; or, the Royal Oak. A Tale of the year 1651," 1872; "The Good Old Times; the Story of the Manchester Rebels of '45," &c., 1873; "Merry England; or Nobles and Serfs," 1874; "The Goldsmith's Wife," 1875; " Preston Fight; or the Insurrection of 1715,” 1875; and "Chetwynd Calverley,' 1876. Mr. Ainsworth's writings are very popular in America. Most of them have been translated into German and French, and versions of some exist in the Spanish, Dutch, and Russian languages. AIREY (LORD), THE RIGHT HON. RICHARD AIREY, G.C.B., is the eldest son of the late Lieut.-General Sir George Airey, of Killingworth, Northumberland, G.C.H., some time Colonel of the 39th Regiment, by his marriage with the Hon. Katharine Talbot, third daughter of Margaret, in her own right Baroness Talbot of Malahide. He was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, in April, 1803, and was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He entered the Army as ensign, 34th Foot, in 1821, and served as Aide-de-camp to the Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, and also to the Governor of British North America. He acted as Adjutant-General from 1838 down to 1847, and as Assistant - Quartermaster-General at the Horse Guards from 1851 to 1853. He served in the Crimean war in command of a brigade, and as QuartermasterGeneral of the British Army (1854-5), being present at the battles of Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and at the siege and fall of Sebastopol. For the sufferings of our soldiers he was held responsible by a considerable portion of the Press, but most unfairly, as he demonstrated by his able addresses delivered before the Board of General Officers, which was appointed in 1856 to inquire, at Chelsea Hospital, into the statements contained in the report of Sir John M'Neill and Colonel Tulloch on the arrangement and management of the Commissariat Department in the Crimea. He was QuartermasterGeneral at the Horse Guards from 1857 to 1865, when he was appointed Governor and Commander-in-chief of Gibraltar. In 1870 he came back to the Horse Guards as Adjutant-General and discharged the duties of that office until the end of Oct. 1876, when he retired, and was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Airey, of Killingworth, in the county of Northumberland. His commissions bear date as follows :-Ensign, 1821; Lieutenant, 1823; Captain, 1825; Lieut.-Colonel, 1838; Colonel, 1851; Major-General, 1854; Lieut.General, 1862; and General, 1871. He was appointed to the colonelcy of the 17th Regiment in 1860, and to that of the 7th Royal Fusiliers in 1868. He was nominated a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1855, and promoted to the dignity of the Grand Cross in 1867. He is also a Knight Commander of the Legion of Honour, and a Commander of the Military Order of Savoy and of the Medjidie. He has the Turkish war medal, and holds the rank of Lieut.-General in Turkey. Lord Airey married, in 1838, his cousin, the Hon. Harriett Mary Everard Talbot, third daughter of James, third Lord Talbot of Malahide, by whom he has one surviving child, Katharine Margaret, wife of Sir Geers Henry Cotterell, Bart., of Garnons, Herefordshire. He published in an octavo volume his " Opening Address before the Board of General Officers assembled at the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, together with his summingup Address, and a written Memorandum handed in to the Board, on Supplies of Camp Equipage." Lond., 1856. 66 AIRY, SIR GEORGE BIDDELL, K.C.B., F.R.S., Astronomer Royal, a native of Alnwick, Northumberland, born June 27, 1801, was educated at private Schools at Hereford and Colchester, and at the Colchester Grammar School, whence he proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1819. In 1822 he was elected Scholar, and in 1824 Fellow, of Trinity, having graduated B.A. in the previous year when he came out Senior wrangler. In 1826 he took his degree of M.A., and was elected Lucasian Professor. This office, rendered illustrious by having been filled by Barrow and Newton, had become a sinecure. No sooner was Professor Airy elected, than he resolved to turn it to account, and to deliver public lectures on Experimental Philosophy. He commenced this good work in 1827, and continued it to 1836, the series being known as the first in which the Undulatory Theory of Light was efficiently illustrated. In 1828 he was elected to the Plumian Professorship, and in that capacity was intrusted with the entire management of the Cambridge Observatory. On taking charge of this post he commenced a course of observations, and introduced improvements in the form of the calculation and publication of the observations, which have served AIRY. as a pattern at Greenwich and other observatories. Professor Airy also superintended the mounting of the Equatorial, the Mural Circle, and the Northumberland Telescope (the last entirely from his own plans), at the Cambridge Observatory. When the question of admission of Dissenters to Academical Degrees was first raised about 1831, Mr. Airy was one of the sixty-three Members of the Senate who supported it. In 1835 he succeeded Mr. Pond as Astronomer Royal. In this capacity he has distinguished himself by giving greater regularity to the proceedings in the Observatory at Greenwich, by maintaining the general outline of the plan which its essential character and its historical associations have imposed upon that institution, while he has introduced new instruments and new modes of calculation and publication, by which the value of the Observatory to science is much increased. It is not our province to describe in detail the Transit Circle, the Altazimuth, the Reflex Zenith Tube, the Water-Telescope, and the large first-class Equatorial, erected from Mr. Airy's plans, and under his superintendence. It is sufficient to say that the latter was, at the date of its erection, the most magnificent instrument of its kind in the world; though now surpassed in size by later instruments. A double-image micrometer, invented by him, has been found very valuable, for its accuracy and convenience. Sir G. B. Airy, who computed, edited, and published the observations of Groombridge, Catton, and Fallows, and reduced the Greenwich observations of planets and observations of the moon from 1750 down to the present time, has also thrown much light on ancient chronology, by computing several of the most important eclipses of former ages. Three times (viz., in 1842, 1851, and 1860) has he visited the Continent for the purpose of observing different solar eclipses; and on the last-named occasion he organised an expedition of English and foreign 15 astronomers to Spain, which is known as the " Himalayan Expedition," from the name of the ship lent for the purpose by the Admiralty. Sir G. B. Airy has illustrated the Newtonian theory of gravitation, and approximated the great object of ascertaining the weight of the earth, by a series of experiments on the relative vibrations of a pendulum at the top and at the bottom of a deep mine (the Harton Colliery, near South Shields); has paid great attention to the testing and improvement of marine chronometers; and to the diffusion, by galvanic telegraph, of accurate timesignals. In 1838 he was consulted by the Government respecting the disturbance of the compass in iron-built ships, and the result of the experiments and theory developed by him on that occasion was the establishment of a system of mechanical correction by means of magnets and iron, which has since been adopted universally. He was chairman of the Commission appointed to consider the general question of standards, and of the Commission intrusted with the superintendence of the construction of new Standards of Length and Weight, after the great fire which destroyed the former national standards in the Houses of Parliament in 1834. The account of the proceedings on these occasions, published in the "Philosophical Transactions," is from his pen. He advocated the establishment of a decimal coinage and, acting as one of three Royal Commissioners on Railway Gauge, recommended the narrow as opposed to the broad gauge on our railways; conducted the astronomical operations preparatory to the definition of the boundary between Canada and the United States. and aided in tracing the Oregon boundary. Sir G. B. Airy contributed to the " Cambridge Transactions," "The Philosophical Transactions," "The Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society," the Philosophical Magazine, and the Athenæum (often under the signature of A.B.G.). In |