of the most implacable cruelty, this miserable despot soon began to overturn the work of those who had defended his crown while he was in captivity, and to proscribe at once the generous citizens who had stedfastly adhered to their country and the cause of independence, and those Spaniards, known by the name of Josephinos, whose offers of submission were rejected with disdain. As one of these, M. Llorente suffered the double punishment of perpetual banishment and confiscation of his property; and, among other things, lost, in consequence of this measure, a library of 8000 volumes, which he had left at Madrid, and which consisted of a great number of MSS., and of rare and valuable books. He found himself despoiled at once of his preferments and of his ecclesiastical revenues. In his quality of canon and dignitary of the church of Toledo, he protested against these consequences of the royal decree, and demanded to be regularly heard and tried; which protestation be published. The rules and principles of discipline acknowledged by the Catholic church were certainly in his favour; for when, at the commencement of the Revolution, the French priests and bishops protested against several severe measures of which they were the objects, they appealed to the same principles with M. Llorente. It is therefore a little surprising, that these principles were so totally unsuccessful with the very persons who, at the time they were appealed to by the French refugees, had declared themselves their most zealous and ardent patrons and admirers.

During the year 1814, M. Llorente made a voyage to London; but the climate disagreeing with him, he resolved to establish himself definitively at Paris. The riches of, and ready access to the public libraries, and the honourable and pleasant society of the

learned men of that capital, who vied with each other in doing justice to the merit of the learned Spanish priest, caused him to find charms in this foreign residence; and he devoted himself to those literary researches for which he was so eminently qualified. Different writings relative to the ancient and modern history of Spain, were the fruits of his diligence in this retreat; and on one occasion he even appeared on the political arena, with that eclat which so well becomes calumniated innocence, when a member of the Chamber of Deputies, who had not yet accustomed the tribune to the audacity of his recriminations, insulted French generosity, by recommending the withholding the bread granted to the Spaniards, whom the French invasion of their country, and the subsequent reverses of Napoleon, had deprived of their property and rank, and forced to seek an asylum from the nation which had been the cause of their calamities. With that warmth of heart, and pomp of diction, which characterise him, M. Lainé instantly came forward to render justice to the feelings of the nation. On his part, M. Llorente spoke in justification, at least, of the intentions of the individuals who groaned with him under a common misfortune; exposed a crowd of gross errors which M. Clausel de Coussergues had committed; and replied to the ignorant assertion, that there had been no auto da fé since 1680, by proving, that, from 1700 till 1808, 1578 persons had perished under the faggots of the Inquisition. The publication of the complete Annals of the Holy Office followed soon after, and circulated through the whole of Europe and America; so that, translated into English, German, and Italian, the History of the Inquisition is now to be met with in almost every respectable library. The success of this book is to be ascribed not to the style, which is destitute

of brilliancy and elegance, not to the able arrangement of the materials, to the energy of the portraits, the depth of the views, or the acuteness of the observations, but to the authenticity of the important pieces which it contains, the exactitude and novelty of the details which it discloses, and the striking truth of the simple, unadorned narrative, which have sufficed to bestow upon this book the character of a great historical authority; in other words, no one can henceforth speak or write of the Inquisition, without consulting and citing the testimony of this honest and impartial annalist.

But though no one has ever yet been able to level a blow at intolerance and fanaticism with impunity, the generous men who have attempted it possess particular claims to our esteem and regard; as it was easy for them to foresee the long responsibility which such attempts would entail on them. M. Llorente presents a new and melancholy example of the implacability of those who call themselves the disciples of a Master who taught nothing but Peace and Love. Scarcely was the History of the Inquisition published, when the Tribunal of Penitence, where he consoled some exiles of the most Catholic nation, was shut up against him. He had been in the habit of celebrating mass in the church of Saint Eustache, and the small pittance which a pious charity had attached to the service contributed scantily to provide for the necessities of his old age. The ecclesiastical superiors of the diocese of Paris caused it to be signified to him, that he was forbid to celebrate the holy mysteries of his religion. In a word, he who had been a dignitary of one of the richest churches in the Romish Communion, Counsellor of State to the brother of Napoleon, Director of the National Property, and Distributor of the Royal Bounty, considered himself fortunate in gaining

honourably a very moderate income, by instructing young Frenchmen, in a boarding-house of Paris, to repeat the accents of that fine Castilian tongue, of which Raynal has said, "Qu'elle est éclatante comme l'or et sonore comme l'argent." Will it be believed that intolerance was sufficiently powerful, and legislation sufficiently cruel, to interdict M. Llorente, in the name of the University of Paris, from giving lessons in Spanish in a private institution! The director of that establishment exerted himself to obtain the recall of the prohibition, but his efforts were fruitless. In spite of his enemies, however, M. Llorente continued to find, in the treasures of his own erudition, in his laborious industry, in the public favour, and in the solicitude and zeal of esteem and friendship, the conveniences which his frugal and temperate habits required, and of which the unfeeling brutality of power would have deprived him.

The publication of the Political Portraits of the Popes, filled up the measure of those resentments which the writings of M. Llorente had already accumulated against him. This performance is a work of vast erudition, and unhappily furnishes matter of a musement and derision to those whom the abuses engrafted on the Catholic religion, together with the vices of its ministers, have rendered its enemies. But besides that, the author has collected a mass of particulars of more than doubtful authenticity, (as, for instance, the story of the pretended Popess Joan, the apocryphal character of which is now pretty generally admitted.) The reader, if a Catholic, will remark, with sorrow and regret, that the subject, the aim, and even the tone of the work, are little consonant with the character of a Catholic priest, whose honour is, in some sort, inseparable from that of the Apostolic See, whatever reasonable liberty he may

take in exposing the errors which pretend to shelter themselves under that grave authority. But having frankly stated our personal opinion of the work, we may be permitted, at the same time, to express the honest indignation with which the severity exercised towards its author has filled every truly Christian mind. In the beginning of December 1822, he was ordered to quit Paris in three days, and France with out delay. After the Revolution of 1820, M. Llorente might have returned to his native country; but as he could not recover the property and the honours of which preceding events had despoiled him, and as, moreover, he enjoyed at Paris that security and consideration which his period of life required, he had resolved to finish his days in that capital. His abrupt and violent expulsion from his adopted country was therefore to him like a second exile. Efforts were made by the friends of M. Llorente to suspend at least the execution of this arbitrary order, which could not fail to prove fatal; but these were unsuccessful, and the venerable Septuagenarian set out, consoled with the marks of esteem and affection, and the generous succours tendered to him by several praise-worthy citizens, always ready to brave calumny, in order to remain faithful to misfortune.

M. Llorente rapidly passed through France at the moment when the whole of its surface was covered with snow, and was not even indulged with a few days' rest at Bayonne. From the moment he entered the confines of his native country, he was received with the most marked expressions of public regard; and, doubtless, he would not have failed to receive more substantial proofs of the esteem and veneration of his countrymen, which might perhaps have induced him to relinquish the intention he had formed of accepting a chair which had been offered him in

the University of St Domingo. But a few days after his arrival at Madrid, namely, on the 5th of February 1823, he fell the victim of the extraordinary fatigues to which he had been so cruelly condemned. His obsequies took place on the 8th, in the church of San Pedro, with becoming pomp, and his body was deposited in the cemetery of Funcarral, after a model of his bust had been taken in plaster. Before he died, M. Llorente pronounced his forgiveness of his persecutors: God, who knows the secrets of all hearts, may also pardon their crime, if they repent; but on earth they will never be forgiven, because men of a high moral superiority acquire an inviolable right, which affixes an indelible stain on those by whom they have been proscribed.

Religion, politics, and history, were, in their turn, indebted for important services to M. Llorente; sometimes, also, they had to regret his errors. Without doubt, he has deserved well of religion, in unmasking the sanguinary fanaticism by which its purity has so often been sullied and dishonoured. He has been able to rally, under its banners, many generous spirits whom odious and false interpretations had estranged, and he has contributed to disengage it from that leprosy of supersti tion which so frequently attaches to its works; but too exclusively devoted to search into modern abuses, he has sometimes offended against those traditions of apostolical origin, which the true Catholic venerates as much as the dogmas of his faith. The errors committed by M. Llorente, in his political career, present also a point of view in which they may be extenuated or excused. He was one of the first individuals in Spain who adopted and disseminated the liberal and philosophical opinions of the age. In 1808, Buonaparte was still the Revolution to many foreigners, who had had no opportunity of appreciating the character of the one,

and the true principles of the other. On the other hand, till the standard of liberty was erected at Cadiz, the party of Ferdinand appeared that of the ancient regime, with all its abuses, not even excepting the Inquisition. This last King Joseph abolished; he attacked the tree of feudality at the core; he sapped by the base the column of superstition. It was under the influence of these prepossessions that M. Llorente formed his first political connections. These motives, however, constituted only a part of the reasons which he alleged in justification of his conduct, in which he persisted to the last in maintaining that he could discover no error. When the resistance commenced, he used to say, success appeared impossible; it delivered Spain to all the horrors of civil war and devastation; and, in a word, that he had been able to do more good to his country, and his fellow-citizens, by attaching himself to the party of Joseph, than if he had followed the government of Cadiz. This species of justification will doubtless appear inadmissible; for it tends to confound force with right, and a national government with a foreign usurpation. But if M. Llorente was deceived, he was nevertheless sincere; and when, at a subsequent period, the Constitution of Cadiz had been proclaimed and recognised by a part of Spain, the perseverance with which M. Llorente adhered to the cause of Joseph ought to be ascribed

We

to the force of prior engagments, and the necessity of his situation. may add here, that he saw with exultation the Revolution of 1820, and that he constantly shewed himself its zealous defender, although he had still some difficulty in freeing himself from suspicion of those persons who in 1812 saved Spain at Cadiz, and had never ceased to view the events of that period with a prejudiced eye.

M. Llorente possessed vast knowledge, particularly in subjects of an ecclesiastical or historical kind; but his erudition wanted that rigorous precision required by the learned in England, France and Germany. Though his mind was not deficient in clearness and method, yet the art of arranging a book, such as it is now understood in France and England, was unknown to him. In his vernacular language, his style, as far as we may be permitted to judge, was correct and perspicuous, but distinguished by no brilliant quality: he spoke French with difficulty, seldom accurately, and wrote it accordingly. Like his countenance, his conversation was animated, and full of just ideas, interesting recollections, and curious facts. He was of the middle size, his eyes black and sparkling, his complexion bronzed, his physiognomy austere, his forehead elevated; altogether presenting a type of that heroic Spanish nation, the annals of which his name and works are calculated to adorn *.

THE main object, in regard to geographical discovery, which, during the whole of this year, engrossed the attention of the public, consisted of the expeditions sent into the North, particularly the naval one under Captain Parry. As this second summer, however, elapsed, without even a rumour of its fortune, the curiosity of the nation evaporated in anxieties and conjectures, which had no basis to rest

upon.

Of Captain Franklin's land expedition, the peculiarly interesting and disastrous fortunes became known before the close of the year; but the full narrative was not published till 1823. This indeed need not have prevented us from introducing it here, were it not that, by delaying, we hope to combine it with Captain Parry's new voyage. We may also join to both Captain Scoresby's discoveries on the coast

of Greenland, which, though announced in the autumn of this year, were not fully developed till the following.

The African Institution this year published a volume by the late celebrated Burckhardt, containing the result of several of his journeys through Syria and Palestine. In two of these he traversed the country of Haouran, (anciently Auranitis,) characterized in Scripture by the appellation of the country beyond Jordan. This territory, when protected, as under the Romans, against Arab invasion, was exceedingly flourishing and fertile, covered with splendid cities. The ruins of these have been lately surveyed in part by Seetzen and Buckingham; but Mr Burckhardt has afforded us more full and authenticated views of them.

In Mr Burckhardt's first tour from Damascus, he proceeded along the