The Modern Distributive Process: Studies of Competition and Its Limits, of the Nature and Amount of Profits, and of the Determination of Wages, in the Industrial Society of To-dayGinn, 1888 - 69 стор. |
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Сторінка v
... cost of production , and his theory of non - competing groups . These groups now practically merged . Machinery the chief leveller . Sur- viving groups based on intellectual and moral differences among workmen . Entrepreneur's labor ...
... cost of production , and his theory of non - competing groups . These groups now practically merged . Machinery the chief leveller . Sur- viving groups based on intellectual and moral differences among workmen . Entrepreneur's labor ...
Сторінка vii
... cost of a product not controlled by the employer ; the selling price of it not controlled by him . Pure profit determined by general and irresistible forces . This sum capable of being reduced by bad management , but not of being ...
... cost of a product not controlled by the employer ; the selling price of it not controlled by him . Pure profit determined by general and irresistible forces . This sum capable of being reduced by bad management , but not of being ...
Сторінка 4
... cost of producing them . Professor Cairnes accepts this statement , but attaches to it a meaning altogether new . He says , in effect : Commodities do indeed exchange according to their cost of produc- tion ; but cost is something quite ...
... cost of producing them . Professor Cairnes accepts this statement , but attaches to it a meaning altogether new . He says , in effect : Commodities do indeed exchange according to their cost of produc- tion ; but cost is something quite ...
Сторінка 6
... Cost , in the sense of personal sacrifice , governing prices within the fields in which potential competition exists , is the summary of this noteworthy theory . The criticism to be made upon it is that the application of its more ...
... Cost , in the sense of personal sacrifice , governing prices within the fields in which potential competition exists , is the summary of this noteworthy theory . The criticism to be made upon it is that the application of its more ...
Сторінка 11
... cost of social retrogradation and economic loss . Modern production is not an individualistic process ; it is the act of society as a whole , and each separate man in the ranks finds his function narrowly limited . Parts of the ...
... cost of social retrogradation and economic loss . Modern production is not an individualistic process ; it is the act of society as a whole , and each separate man in the ranks finds his function narrowly limited . Parts of the ...
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Загальні терміни та фрази
ability abnormally profitable actual Adam Smith afford Anthracite coal Bagehot become Bradstreet's capital and labor capitalist Clark combination commodities compete competitors cost of production create demand economic equilibrium economists effective efficiency effort element employer employment entrepreneur existence fact forces function gain increasing industrial depression industrial field industrial operations investment John Stuart Mill labor and capital limited manager manufacturing market competition Mill modern nail natural rate nomic non-competing groups normal occupation permanent Philosophy of Wealth political economy possible practical principle Professor Cairnes pure profit R. H. Hutton railroads rate of wages Reading company restrict result returns rewards Ricardian Ricardo salaries social steel rails strata struggle sub-groups sub-products supply suppressed surviving tendency tends theory tion tition trade Trades unions transfer of labor transportation true underselling unequal union utilities value theory Walter Bagehot Wealth of Nations workmen
Популярні уривки
Сторінка 18 - This is partly intelligible, if we consider that only through the principle of competition has political economy any pretension to the character of a science.
Сторінка 56 - The natural price of labour is that price which is necessary to enable the labourers, one with another, to subsist and to perpetuate their race, without either increase or diminution.
Сторінка 56 - It is not to be understood that the natural price of labour, estimated even in food and necessaries, is absolutely fixed and constant. It varies at different times in the same country, and very materially differs in different countries.
Сторінка 5 - No doubt the various ranks and classes fade into each other by imperceptible gradations, and individuals from all classes are constantly passing up or dropping down; but while this is so, it is nevertheless true that the average workman, from whatever rank he be taken, finds his power of competition limited for practical purposes to a certain range of occupations, so that, however high the rate of remuneration in those which lie beyond may rise, he is excluded from sharing them.
Сторінка 11 - Combinations have their roots in the nature of social industry and are normal in their origin, their development and their practical working. They are neither to be deprecated by scientists nor suppressed by legislators. They are the result of an evolution, and are the happy outcome of a competition so abnormal that the continuance of it would have meant widespread ruin.
Сторінка 6 - ... down; but while this is so, it is nevertheless true that the average workman, from whatever rank he be taken, finds his power of competition limited for practical purposes to a certain range of occupations, so that, however high the rates of remuneration in those which lie beyond may rise, he is excluded from sharing them. We are thus compelled to recognize the existence of non-competing industrial groups as a feature of our social economy; and this is the fact which I desire here to insist upon.
Сторінка i - The Modern Distributive Process. Studies of Competition and its Limits, of the Nature and Amount of Profits, and of the Determination of Wages in the Industrial Society of to-day.
Сторінка 5 - Secondly, there would be the artisan group, comprising skilled laborers of the secondary order — carpenters, joiners, smiths, masons, shoe-makers, tailors, hatters, etc., etc., with whom might be included the very large class of small retail dealers, whose means and position place them within the reach of the same industrial opportunities as the class of artisans. The third layer would contain producers and dealers of a higher order, whose work would demand qualifications only obtainable by persons...
Сторінка 40 - ... receives two distinct rewards. In his first capacity, he is a directive laborer, whose compensation is in the nature of wages; in his second capacity, he is a buyer and seller, who owns the product and who makes a profit by selling it.1 In this capacity he apparently does little to earn the profit. The reward of the entrepreneur in his capacity as owner of a product comes to him as rain from the clouds, through the action of forces lying beyond the range of his dominant influence. He has nothing...
Сторінка 56 - But though, in disputes with their workmen, masters must generally have the advantage, there is, however, a certain rate, below which it seems impossible to reduce, for any considerable time, the ordinary wages even of the lowest species of labour.