The Modern Distributive Process: Studies of Competition and Its Limits, of the Nature and Amount of Profits, and of the Determination of Wages, in the Industrial Society of To-dayGinn, 1888 - 69 стор. |
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Сторінка iii
... Mill . By the operations of trade the total product of industry is divided and subdivided among certain naturally constituted groups and sub - groups . The income fall- ing to each sub - group is apportioned among its component economic ...
... Mill . By the operations of trade the total product of industry is divided and subdivided among certain naturally constituted groups and sub - groups . The income fall- ing to each sub - group is apportioned among its component economic ...
Сторінка vii
... Mill's criticism . The soul of truth in the Ricardian idea . The natural rate of wages is the rate that calls out the laborer's potential efficiency . The economical rate is also the ethical rate . The actual rate of wages . The wages ...
... Mill's criticism . The soul of truth in the Ricardian idea . The natural rate of wages is the rate that calls out the laborer's potential efficiency . The economical rate is also the ethical rate . The actual rate of wages . The wages ...
Сторінка 4
... Mill had followed Ricardo in teaching that the natural price of commodities is governed by the cost of producing them . Professor Cairnes accepts this statement , but attaches to it a meaning altogether new . He says , in effect ...
... Mill had followed Ricardo in teaching that the natural price of commodities is governed by the cost of producing them . Professor Cairnes accepts this statement , but attaches to it a meaning altogether new . He says , in effect ...
Сторінка 16
... mill which produces cheaply has at its command all parts of the national territory to which its agents choose to travel . The silk industry offers , in this respect , a favorable field for combination . Moreover , cheapness of trans ...
... mill which produces cheaply has at its command all parts of the national territory to which its agents choose to travel . The silk industry offers , in this respect , a favorable field for combination . Moreover , cheapness of trans ...
Сторінка 18
... Mill had said that " only through the principle of competition has political economy any pretension to the charac- ter of a science , " 1 a dictum that compressed into a sentence the economic system of Ricardo , James Mill , Senior ...
... Mill had said that " only through the principle of competition has political economy any pretension to the charac- ter of a science , " 1 a dictum that compressed into a sentence the economic system of Ricardo , James Mill , Senior ...
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ability abnormally profitable actual Adam Smith afford Anthracite coal Bagehot become Bradstreet's capital and labor capitalist Clark combination commodities compete competitors cost of production create demand economic equilibrium economists effective efficiency effort element employer employment entrepreneur existence fact forces function gain increasing industrial depression industrial field industrial operations investment John Stuart Mill labor and capital limited manager manufacturing market competition Mill modern nail natural rate nomic non-competing groups normal occupation permanent Philosophy of Wealth political economy possible practical principle Professor Cairnes pure profit R. H. Hutton railroads rate of wages Reading company restrict result returns rewards Ricardian Ricardo salaries social steel rails strata struggle sub-groups sub-products supply suppressed surviving tendency tends theory tion tition trade Trades unions transfer of labor transportation true underselling unequal union utilities value theory Walter Bagehot Wealth of Nations workmen
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Сторінка 18 - This is partly intelligible, if we consider that only through the principle of competition has political economy any pretension to the character of a science.
Сторінка 56 - The natural price of labour is that price which is necessary to enable the labourers, one with another, to subsist and to perpetuate their race, without either increase or diminution.
Сторінка 56 - It is not to be understood that the natural price of labour, estimated even in food and necessaries, is absolutely fixed and constant. It varies at different times in the same country, and very materially differs in different countries.
Сторінка 5 - No doubt the various ranks and classes fade into each other by imperceptible gradations, and individuals from all classes are constantly passing up or dropping down; but while this is so, it is nevertheless true that the average workman, from whatever rank he be taken, finds his power of competition limited for practical purposes to a certain range of occupations, so that, however high the rate of remuneration in those which lie beyond may rise, he is excluded from sharing them.
Сторінка 11 - Combinations have their roots in the nature of social industry and are normal in their origin, their development and their practical working. They are neither to be deprecated by scientists nor suppressed by legislators. They are the result of an evolution, and are the happy outcome of a competition so abnormal that the continuance of it would have meant widespread ruin.
Сторінка 6 - ... down; but while this is so, it is nevertheless true that the average workman, from whatever rank he be taken, finds his power of competition limited for practical purposes to a certain range of occupations, so that, however high the rates of remuneration in those which lie beyond may rise, he is excluded from sharing them. We are thus compelled to recognize the existence of non-competing industrial groups as a feature of our social economy; and this is the fact which I desire here to insist upon.
Сторінка i - The Modern Distributive Process. Studies of Competition and its Limits, of the Nature and Amount of Profits, and of the Determination of Wages in the Industrial Society of to-day.
Сторінка 5 - Secondly, there would be the artisan group, comprising skilled laborers of the secondary order — carpenters, joiners, smiths, masons, shoe-makers, tailors, hatters, etc., etc., with whom might be included the very large class of small retail dealers, whose means and position place them within the reach of the same industrial opportunities as the class of artisans. The third layer would contain producers and dealers of a higher order, whose work would demand qualifications only obtainable by persons...
Сторінка 40 - ... receives two distinct rewards. In his first capacity, he is a directive laborer, whose compensation is in the nature of wages; in his second capacity, he is a buyer and seller, who owns the product and who makes a profit by selling it.1 In this capacity he apparently does little to earn the profit. The reward of the entrepreneur in his capacity as owner of a product comes to him as rain from the clouds, through the action of forces lying beyond the range of his dominant influence. He has nothing...
Сторінка 56 - But though, in disputes with their workmen, masters must generally have the advantage, there is, however, a certain rate, below which it seems impossible to reduce, for any considerable time, the ordinary wages even of the lowest species of labour.