away. When the wound has not proved instantly fatal, they have been known to stop the flow of blood by pressing with the hand upon the part, and when they did not succecd, to apply leaves and grass. . . . When shot, they give a sudden sreech, not unlike that of a human being in sudden and acute distress.

"The ordinary voice of the Chimpanzee, however, is aimed to be hoarse, guttural, and not very loud, somewhat like whoowhoo.'

The analogy of the Chimpanzee to the Orang, in its nest-building habit and in the mode of forming its nest, is excccdingly interesting, while, on the other hand, the activity of this ape, and its tendency to bite, are particulars in which it rather resembles the Gibbons. In extent of geographical range, again, the Chimpanzees-which are found from Sierra Leone to Congo-remind one of the Gibbons rather then of either of the other man-like Apes; and it seems not unlikely that, as is the case with the Gibbons, there may be several species spread over the geographical area of the genus.

The same excellent observer, from whom I have borrowed the preceding account of the habits of the adult Chimpanzee, published, fifteen years ago, an account of the Gorilla, which has, in its most essential points, been confirmed by subsequent observers, and to which so very little has really been added, that, in justice to Dr. Savage, I give it almost in full:

"It should be borne in mind that my account is lased upon the statements of the aborigines of that region (the Gaboon). In this connection it may also be proper for me to remark that, having been a missionary resident for several years, studying, from habitual intercourse, the African mind and character, I felt myself prepared to discriminate and decide upon the probability of their statements. Besides, being familiar with the history and habits of its interesting congener (Trog. niger, Geoff.), I was able to separate their accounts of the two animals, which, having the same locality and a similarity of habit, are confounded in the minds of the mass, especially as but few-such as traders to the interior, and huntsmen-have ever seen the anima! in question.

"The tribe from which our knowledge of the animal is derived, and whose territory forms its habitat, is the Mpongwe, occupying both banks of the River Gaboon, from its mouth to some fifty or sixty miles up ward. .

"If the word Pongo' be of African origin, it is probably a corruption of the word Mpongue, the name of the tribe on the banks of the Gaboon, and hence applied to the region they inhabit. Their local name for the Chimpanzee is Enché-eko, as near as it can be Anglicized, from which the common term Jocko' probably comes. The Mpong we appellation for its new congener is Eng ona, prolonging the sound of the first vowel, and slightly sounding the second.

The habitat of the Engé-ena is the interior of Lower Guinea, while that of the Enché. eko is nearer the seaboard.

"Its height is about five feet; it is disproportionately broad across the shoulders, thickly covered with coatse black hair, which is said to be similar in its arrangement to that of the Enché-eko; with age it becomes gray, which fact has given rise to the report that both animals are seen of different colors, Head. The prominent features of the head are the great width and elongation of the face, the depth of the molar region, the branches of the lower jaw being very deep and extending far backward, and the comparative smallness of the cranial portion; the eyes are very large, and said to be like those of the Enché-eko, a bright hazel; nose broad and flat, slightly elevated toward the root; the muzzle broad, and prominent lips and chin, with scattered gray hairs; the under lip highly mobile, and capable of great elongation when the animal is enraged, then hanging over the chin; skin of the face and ears naked, and of a dark-brown, approaching to black.

"The most remarkable feature of the head is a high ridge, or crest of hair, in the course of the sagittal suture, which meets pesteriorly with a transverse ridge of the same, but less prominent, running round from the back of one ear to the other. The animal has the power of moving the scalp freely forward and back, and when enraged is said to contract it strongly over the brow, thus bringing down the hairy ridge and pointing the hair forward, so as to present an indescribably ferocious aspect.

"Neck short, thick, and hairy; chest and shoulders very broad, said to be fully double the size of the Enché-ekos; arms very long, reaching some way below the knee-the forearm much the shortest; hands very large, the thumbs much larger than the fingers.

The gait is shuffling; the motion of the body, which is never upright as in man; but bent forward, is somewhat rolling, or from side to side. The arms being longer than the Chimpanzee, it does not stoop as much in walking; like that animal, it makes progression by thrusting its arms forward, resting the hands on the ground, and they giving the body a half-jumping half-swinging motion between them. In this act it is said not to flex the fingers, as does the Chinipanzee, resting on its knuckles, but to extend them, making a fulcrum of the hand. When it assumes the walking posture, to which it is said to be much inclined, it balances its huge body by flexing its arms upward.

They live in hands, but are not so numer ous as the Chimpanzees: the females gener. ally exceed the other sex in number. My informants all agree in the assertion that bu one adult male is seen in a band; that wher the young males grow up a contest takes place for mastery, and the strongest, by kill ing and driving out the others, establishes himself as the head of the community."

Dr. Savage repudiates the stories about the Gorillas carrying off women and vanquish ing elephants, and then adds:

66

Their dweilings, if they may be so called, are similar to those of the Chimpanzee, consisting simply of a few sticks and leafy branches, supported by the crotches and limbs of trees; they afford no shelter, and are occupied only at night.

They are exceedingly ferocious, an always offensive in their habits, never ruLning from man, as does the Chimpanzee. They are objects of terror to the natives, and are never encountered by them except on the defensive. The few that have been captured were killed by elephant-hunters and native traders, as they came suddenly upon them while passing through the forests.

"It is said that when the male is first seen he gives a terrific yell, that resounds far and wide through the forest, something like kh-ah! kh-ah! prolonged and shrill. His enormous jaws are widely opened at each expiration, his under-lip hangs over the chin, and the hairy ridge and scalp are contracted upon the brow, presenting an aspect of indescribable ferocity.

"The females and young, at the first cry, quickly disappear. He then approaches the enemy in great fury, pouring out his horrid cries in quick succession. The hunter awaits his approach with his gun extended if his aim is not sure he permits the animal to grasp the barrel, and as he carries it to his mouth (which is his habit) he fires. Should the gun fail to go off, the Larrel (that of the ordinary musket, which

Dr. Savage's observations were confirmed and supplemented by those of Mr. Ford who communicated an interesting paper on the Gorilla to the Philadelphian Academy of Sciences, in 1852. With respect to the geographical distribution of this greatest of all the man-like Apes, Mr. Ford remarks:

This animal inhabits the range of mountains that traverse the interior of Guinea from the Cameroon in the north to Angola in the south, and about 100 miles inland, and called by the geographers Crystal Mountains. The limit to which this animal extends, other north or south, I am unable to define. But that limit is doubtless some distance north of this river [Gaboon]. I was able to certify myself of this fact in a late excursion to the head-waters of the Mooney (Danger) River, which comes into the sea some sixty miles from this place. I was informed (credibly, I think), that they were numerous among the mountains in which that river rises, and far north of that.

I arı

"In the south, this species extends to the Congo River, as I am told by native trades who have visited the coast, between the Gaboon and that river. Beyond that, I an not informed. This animal is only four d at a distance from the coast in most case and, according to my best information, ayproaches it nowhere so nearly as on the sout 2 side of this river, where they have bee found within ten miles of the sea. This however, is only of late occurrence. informed by some of the oldest Mpongw men that formerly he was only found on the sources of the river, but that at present h may be found within half a day's walk of it. mouth. Formerly he inhabited the moun tainous ridge where Bushmen alone inhab ited, but now he boldly approaches the Mpongwe plantations. This is doubtles the reason of the scarcity of information in years past, as the opportunities for receiv ing a knowledge of the animal have not been wanting: traders having for one hundred years frequented this river, and specimens, such as have been brought here within a year, could not have been exhibited without having attracted the attention of the most stupid.'

One specimen Mr. Ford examined weighed 170 lbs., without the thoracic or pelvic viscera, and measured four feet four inches round the chest. This writer describes so mizutely and graphically the onslaught of the Gorilla-though he does not for a moment pretend to have witnessed the scene--that I am tempted to give this part of his paper is full, for comparison with other narratives:

"He always rises to his feet when making an attack, though he approaches his antag. onist in a stooping posture.

Though he never lies in wait, yet, when he hears, sces, or scents a man, he immediately utters his characteristic cry, prepares for an attack, and always acts on the offensive. The cry he utters resembles a grunt more than a growl, and is similar to the ery of the Chimpanzee when irritated, but vastly louder. It is said to be audible at a great distance. His preparation consists in attending the females and young ones, by whom he is usually accompanied to a little distance. He, however, soon returns, with his crest erect and projecting forward, his nostrils dilated, and his under-lip thrown down; at the same time uttering his characteristic yell, designed, it would seem, to terrify his antagonist. Instantly, unless he is disabled by a well-directed shot, he makes an onset, and, striking his antagonist with the palm of his hands, or seizing him with a grasp from which there is no escape, he dashes him upon the ground, and lacerates him with his tusks.

"He is said to seize a musket, and instantly crush the barrel between his teeth... This animal's savage nature is very well shown by the implacable desperation of a young one that was brought here. It was taken very young, and kept four months, and many means were used to tame it; but it was incorrigible, so that it bit me an hour before it died."

Mr. Ford discredits the house-building and elephant-driving stories, and says that 30 well-informed natives believe them. They are tales told to children.

I might quote other testimony to a similar effect, but, as it appears to me, less carefully weighed and sifted, from the letters of MM. Franquet and Gautier Laboullay, appended to the memoir of M. I. G. St. Hilaire, which I have already cited.

Savage and Ford, should have met with sc much and such bitter opposition. If subtraction be made of what was known before. the sum and substance of what M. Du Chaillu has affirmed as a matter of his own observation respecting the Gorilla, is that, on advancing to the attack, the great brute beats his chest with his fists. I confess I see nothing very improbable, or very much worth disputing about, in this statement.

With respect to the other man-like Apes of Africa, M. Du Chaillu tells us absolutely nothing, of his own knowledge, regarding the common Chimpanzee; but he informs us of a bald-headed species or variety, the nschiego mboure, which builds itself a shelter, and of another rare kind with a comparatively small face, large facial angle, and peculiar note, resembling" Kooloo.

As the Orang shelters itself with a rough coverlet of leaves, and the common Chim. panzee, according to that eminently trustworthy observer Dr. Savage, makes a sound like Whoo-whoo"-the grounds of the summary repudiation with which M. Du Chaillu's statements on these matters have been met is not obvious.

If I have abstained from quoting M. Du Chaillu's work, then, it is not because 1 discern any inherent improbability in his assertions respecting the man-like Apes; nor from any wish to throw suspicion on his veracity; but because, in my opinion, so long as his narrative remains in its present state of unexplained and apparently inexplicable confusion, it has no claim to orig inal authority respecting any subject whatsoever.

It may be truth, but it is not evidence.

CENTURY.

If the Orang fights with its hands, the Gibbons and Chimpanzees with their teeth, the Gorilla may, probably enough, do either or both; nor is there anything to be said against either Chimpanzee or Gorilla building a nest, when it is proved that the Orang Utan habitually performs that feat.

With all this evidence, now ten to fifteer years old, before the world, it is not a little surprising that the assertions of a recent traveller, who, so far as the Gorilla is con cerned, really does very little more than repeat, on his own authority, the statements of

IN turning over Pigafetta's version of the narrative of Lopez, which I have quoted above, I came upon so curious and unexpected an anticipation, by some two centuries and a half, of one of the most startling parts of M. Du Chaillu's narrative, that I cannot refrain from drawing attention to it in a note, although I must confess that the subject is not strictly relevant to the matter in hand.

In the fifth chapter of the first book of the Descriptio,' concerning the northern part of the kingdom of Congo and its boundaries, is mentioned a people whose king is called "Maniloango," and who live under the equator, and as far westward as Cape Lopez. This appears to be the country now in habited by the Ogobai and Bakalai according to M. Du Chaillu. Beyond these dwell another people called 'Anziques,' of incredible ferocity, for they eat one another, sparing neither friends nor relations.

These people are armed with small bows bound tightly round with snake-skins, and strung with a reed or rush. Their arrays

short and slender, but made of hard wood, are shot with great rapidity. They have iron axes, the handles of which are bound with snake-skins, and swords with scabbards of the same material; for defensive armor they employ elephant-hides. They cut their skins when young, so as to produce scars. "Their butchers shops are filled with human flesh instead of that of oxen or sheep. For they eat the enemies whom they take in battle. They fatten, slay, and devour their slaves, also, unless they think they shall get a good price for them; and, moreover, sometimes for weariness of life or desire for glory (for they think it a great thing and the sign of a generous soul to despise life), or for love of their rulers, offer themselves up for food.

"There are indeed many cannibals, as in the Eastern Indies and in Brazil and elsewhere, but none such as these, since the oth

FIG. 11.-Butcher's Shop of the Anziques, Anno 1598

ers only eat their enemies, but these their own blood relations."

The careful illustrators of Pigafetta have done their best to enable the reader to realize

this account of the " Anziques," and the unexampled butcher's shop represented in Fig. 11, is a fac-simile of part of their Plate XII.

M. Du Chaillu's account of the Fans accords most singularly with what Lopez here narrates of the Auziques. He speaks of their small crossbows and little arrows, of their axes and knives, “* ingeniously sheathed in snake-skins." "They tattoo themselves more than any other tribes I have met with north of the equator." And all the world knows what M. Du Chaillu says of their cannibalism: Presently we passed a wom an who solved all doubt. She bore with her a piece of the thigh of a human body, just as we should go to market and carry thence a roast or steak." M. Du Chaillu's artist cannot generally be accused of any want of courage in embodying the statements of his author, and it is to be regretted that, with so good an excuse, he has not furnished us with a fitting companion to the sketch of the brothers De Brv.

II.

ON THE RELATIONS OF MAN TO THE LOWER ANIMALS.

To many it might appear that there is a greater difference betwee Monkey and Man than between day and night. Yet, on comparing the highest type of Europeans with the Hot entots who live at the Cape of Good Hope, they will, with difficulty, convince themselves that both are of one origin. Or if they would compare a highly polished and cultured Court Lady, with a savage thrown upon his own resources, they could hard y imagine that he and she belong to the same species.- Linnæus, Amanitates Academica Anthropomorpha.”

THE question of questions for mankind-the problem which underlies all others, and is more deeply interesting than any other-is the ascertainment of the place which Man occupies in nature and of his relations to the universe of things. Whence our race has come; what are the limits of our power over nature, and of nature's power over us; to what goal we are tending; are the problems which present themselves anew and with undiminished interest to every man born into the world. Most of us, shrinking from the difficulties and dangers which beset the seeker after original answers to these riddles, are con tented to ignore them altogether, or to smother the investigating spirit under the feather-bed of respected and respectable tra dition. But, in every age, one or two rest. less spirits, blessed with that constructive genius, which can only build on a secure foundation, or cur ed with the mere spirit of scepticism, are unable to follow in the wellworn and comfortable track of their forefathers and contemporaries, and, unmindful of thorns and stumbling-blocks. strike out into paths of their own. The sceptics end in the infidelity which asserts the problem to be insoluble, or in the atheism which denies the existence of any orderly progress and governance of things: the men of genius propound solutions which grow into systems of theology or of philosophy, or veiled in mu

sical language which suggests more than it esserts, take the shape of the poetry of an epoch.

Each such answer the great question, invariably asserted by the followers of its propounder, if not by himself, to be complete and final, remains in high authority and esteem, it may be for one century, or it may be for twenty; but, as in variably, time proves each reply to have been a more approximation to the truth-tolerable chiefly on account of the ignorance of these by whom it was accepted, and wholly intolera. ble when tested by the larger knowledge of their successors.

least thoughtful of men is conscious of a cer tain shock, due, perhaps, not so much to disgust at the aspect of what looks like an insulting caricature, as to the awakening of a sudden and profound mistrust of time-honored theories and strongly-rocted prejudices regarding his own position in nature, and his relations to the under-world of life; while that which remains a dim suspicion for the unthinking, becomes a vast argument, fraught with the deepest consequences, for all who are acquainted with the recent progress of the anatomical and physiological sciences.

Since the revival of learning, whereby the Western races of Europe were enabled to enter upon that progress toward true knowledge which was commenced by the philosophers of Greece, but was almost arrested in subsequent long ages of intellectual stagnation, or, at most, gyration, the human larva has been feeding vigorously, and moulting in proportion. A skin of some dimension was cast in the sixteenth century, and another toward the end of the eighteenth, while, within the last fifty years, the extrc, ordinary growth of every department of physical science has spread among us mental food of so nutritious and stimulating a character that a new ecdysis seems imminent. But this is a process not unusually accompanied by many throes and some sickness and debility, or, it may be, by graver disturbances; so that every good citizen must feel bound to facilitate the process, and even if he have nothing but a scalpel to work withal, to ease the cracking integument to the best of his ability.

In this duty lies my excuse for the publication of these essays. For it will be admitted that some knowledge of man's position in the animate world is an indispensable preliminary to the proper understanding of his relations to the universe-and this again resolves itself, in the long run, into an inquiry into the nature and the closeness of the ties which connect him with those singulat creat ures whose history has been sketched in the preceding pages.

The importance of such an inquiry is in deed intuitively manifest. Brought face to face with these blurred copies of himself, the

The facts to which ow. fizetect the reader's attention, though ignored by many of the professed instructors of the public mind, are easy of demonstration and are universally agreed to by men of science; while their significance is so great that whoso has duly pondcred over them will, I think, find little to startle him in the other revelations of biology. I refer to those facts which have becn made known by the study of development.

It is a truth of very wide, if not of universal, application, that every living creature commences its existence under a form different from and simpler than that which it eventually attains.

The oak is a more complex thing than the little rudimentary plant contained in the acorn; the caterpillar is more complex than the g; the butterfly than the caterpillar; and each of these beings, in passing from its udimentary to its perfect condition, Juns through a series of changes, the sum of which is called its development. In the Ligher anin als these changes are extremely complicated; but within the last half contry the labois of such men as Ven Baer, Rathke, Reichert, Bischof, and Remak, Lave almost completely umavelled them, so that the successive stages of development which are exhibited by a dog, for example, are now as well known to the embryologist as are the steps of the metamorphosis of the silkworm moth to the school-boy. It will be useful to consider with attention the nature and the order of the stages of canine development, as an example of the process in the higher animals generally.

The dog, like all animals, save the very lowest (and further inquiries may not inprobably move the apparent exception), commences its existence as an cog: as a Lody