been unknown at this time to Camper, who, however, goes on to say: "It appears that since this some more of these monsters have been captured, for an entire skeleton, very hadly set up, which had been sent to the Museum of the Prince of Orange, and which I saw only on the 27th of June, 1784, was more than four fect high. I examined this skeleton again on the 19th December, 1785, after it had been excellently put to rights by the ingenious Onymus.' It appears evident, then, that this skeleton, which is doubtless that which has always gone by the name of Wurmb's Pongo, is not that of the animal described by him, though unquestionably similar in all essential points. Camper proceeds to note some of the most important features of this skeleton; promises to describe it in detail by and by; and is evidently in doubt as to the relation of this great "Pongo" to his "petit Orang. The promised further investigations were never carried out; and so it happened that the Pongo of Von Wurmb took its place by the side of the Chimpanzee, Gibbon, and Orang as a fourth and colossal species of man-like Ape. And indeed nothing could look much less like the Chimpanzees or the Orangs, then known, than the Pongo; for all the specimens of Chimpanzee and Orang which had been observed were small of stature, singularly human in aspect, gentle, and docile; while Wurmb's Pongo was a monster almost twice their size, of vast strength and fierceness, and very brutal in expression, its great projecting muzzle, armed with strong teeth, being further disfigured by the outgrowth of the cheeks into fleshy lobes. 66 Eventually, in accordance with the usual marauding habits of the Revolutionary armies, the Pongo" skeleton was carried away from Holland into France, and notices of it, cxpressly intended to demonstrate its entire distinctness from the Orang, and its affinity with the baboons, were given, in 1798, by Geoffroy St. Hilaire and Cuvier. Even in Cuvier's "Tableau Elementaire," and in the first edition of his great work, the Règne Animal," the "Pongo" is classed as a species of Baboon. However, so early as 1818 it appears that Cuvier saw reason to alter this opinion, and to adopt the view suggested several years before by Blumenbach, and after him by Tilesius, that the Bornean Pongo is simply an adult Orang. In 1824 Rudolphi demonstrated by the condition of the dentition more fully and completely than had been done by his predecessors that the Orangs described up to that time were all young animals, and that the skull and teeth of the adult would probably be such as those seen in the Pongo of Wurmb. In the second edition of the Règne Animal' (1829) Cuvier infers from the proportions of all the parts" and "the arrangements of the foramina and sutures of the head" that the Pongo is the adult of the Orang-Utan," at least of a very closely allied species," and this conclusion was eventually placed beyond all doubt by Professor Owen's Memoir, published in the "Zoological Transactions' for 1835, and by Temminck in bis Monog raphies de Mammalogie. Temminck's memoir is remarkable for the completeness of the evidence which it affords as to the modification which the form of the Orang undergoes according to age and sex. Tiedemann first published an account of the brain of the young Orang, while Sandifort Müller and Schlegel described the muscles and the viscera of the adult, and gave the earliest detailed and trustworthy history of the habits of the great Indian Ape in a state of nature; and as important additions have been made by later observers, we are at this moment better acquainted with the adult of the Orang-Utan than with that of any of the other greater man-like Apes. It is certainly the Pongo of Wurmb; and it is as certainly not the Pongo of Bat tell, seeing that the Orang-Utan is entirely confined to the great Asiatic islands of Bornee and Sumatra. And while the progress of discovery thus cleared up the history of the Orang, it also Fie. 7.-The Pongo Skull, sent by Radermacher to Camper, after Camper's original sketches, as reproduced by Lucæ. became established that the only other manlike Apes in the Eastern world were the various species of Gibbon-Apes of smaller stature, and therefore attracting less attention than the Orangs, though they are spread over a much wider range of country, and are hence more accessible to observation. 66 Although the geographical area inhabited by the Pongo and Engeco" of Battell is so much nearer to Europe than that in which the Orang and Gibbon are found, our acquaintance with the African Apes has been of slower growth; indeed it is only within the last few years that the truthful story of the old English adventurer has been rendered fully intelligible. It was not until 1835 that the skeleton of the adult Chim: panzee became known, by the publication of Professor Owen's above-mentioned very excellent memoir, "On the Osteology of the Chimpanzee and Orang," in the Zoological Transactions--a memoir which, by the accuracy of its descriptions, the carefuluess of its comparisons, and the excellence of its figures, made an epoch in the history of our knowledge of the bony framework, not only of the Chimpanzee, but of all the anthropoid Apes. By the investigations herein detailed, it be came evident that the old Chimpanzee acquired a size and aspect as different from those of the young known to Tyson, to Buffon, and to Traill, as those of the old Orang from the young Orang; and the subsequent very important researches of Messrs. Savage and Wyman, the American missionary and anatomist, have not only confirmed this conclusion, but have added nany new details. One of the most interesting among the many valuable discoveries made by Dr. Thomas Savage is the fact that the natives in the Gaboon country at the present day apply to the Chimpanzee a name- Enchéeko"-which is obviously identical with the "Engeko" of Battell, a discovery which has been confirmed by all later inquirers. Battell's "lesser monster" being thus proved to be a veritable existence, of course a strong presumption arose that his "greater monster, the Pongo,' "would sooner or later be discovered. And indeed a modern traveller, Bowdich, had, in 1819, found. strong evidence among the natives of the existence of a second great Ape, called the "Ingena, five feet high, and four across the shoulders," the builder of a rude house, on the outside of which it slept. In 1847 Dr. Savage had the good fortune to make another and most important addition to our knowlege of the man-like Apes; for, being unexpectedly detained at the Gaboon River, he saw in the house of the Rev. Mr. Wilson, a missionary resident there, a skull represented by the natives to be a monkeylike animal, remarkable for its size, ferocity, and habits." From the contour of the skull, and the information derived from several intelligent natives, "I was induced," says Dr. Savage (using the term Orang in its old gen. eral sense), to believe that It belonged to a new species of Orang I expressed this opinion to Mr. Wilson, with a desire for furthe investigation; and, if possible, to decide the point by the inspection of a specimen, alive or dead.' The result of the combined exertions of Messrs. Savage and Wilson was of the habits of this new creature, but a still not only the obtaining of a very full account abling the excellent American anatomist almore important service to science, the enready mentioned, Professor Wyman, to describe, from ample materials, the distinctive osteological characters of the new form. This animal was called by the natives of the Gaboon "Enge-ena, a name obviously idenDr. Savage arrived at the conviction that tical with the Ingena" of Bowdich; and this last discovered of all the great Apes was the long-sought "Pongo" of Battell. beyond doubt-for not only does the “EngéThe justice of this conclusion indeed is ena" agree with Battell's "greater monster" in its hollow eyes, its great stature, and its dun or iron-gray color, but the only other the Chimpanzee-is at once identified, by man-like Ape which inhabits these latitudes its smaller size, as the "lesser monster." and is excluded from any possibility of being the not dun, to say nothing of the important cirPengo," by the fact that it is black and cumstance already mentioned that it still reEngeko" or "Enchéeko," by which Battell knew it. 66 tains the name of "Enge-ena, however, Dr. Savage wisely In seeking for a specific name for the avoided the much misused "Pongo:" but finding in the ancient Periplus of Hanno the word 66 Gorilla," applied to certain hairy savage people, discovered by the Carthaginian Voyager in an island on the African coast, he attached the specific name Gorilla" to his known appellation. But Dr. Savage, more new ape, whence arises its present well. cautious than some of his successors, by no means identifies his ape with Hanno's "wild men. He merely says that the latter were probably one of the species of the Orang ;" and I quite agree with M. Brullé that there is no ground for identifying the modern Gorilla" with that of the Carthaginian admiral. 66 64 Sine the memoir of Savage and Wyman was published, the skeleton of the Gorilla has been investigated by Professor Owen and by the late Professor Duvernoy, of the Jardin des Plantes, the latter having further supplied a valuable account of the muscular sys. tem and of many of the other soft parts; while Africau missionaries and travellers have confirmed and expanded the account originally given of the habits of this great man-like Ape, which has had the singular fortune of being the first to be made known to the general world and the last to be scientifically investigated. Two centuries and a half have passed away since Battell told his stories about the greater" and the "lesser monsters" to Purchas, and it has taken nearly that time' 86 to arrive at the clear result that there are garded simply as distinct species of one four distinct kinds of Anthropoids-in East- genus, Troglodytes; by others as distinct ern Asia, the Gibbons and the Orangs; in genera-Troglodytes being reserved for the Western Africa, the Chimpanzees and the Chimpanzees, and Gorilla for the Engé-ena Gorilla. or Pongo. The man-like Apes. U history of whose discovery has just been detailed, have certain characters of structure and of distribution in common. Thus, they all have the same number of teeth as man-possessing four incisors, two canines, four false molars, and six true molars in each jaw, or 32 teeth in all, in the adult condition; while the milk dentition consists of 20 teeth-or four incisors, two canines, and four molars in each jaw. They are what are called catarrhine Apes-that is, their nostrils have a narrow partition and look downward; and, further more, their arms are always longer than their legs, the difference being sometimes greater and sometimes less; so that if the four were arranged in the order of the length of their arms in proportion to that of their legs, we should have this series-Orang (14-1), Gibbon (14-1), Gorilla (1-1), Chimpanzee (1-1). In all, the fore limbs are terminated by hands, provided with longer or shorter thumbs; while the great toe of the foot, always smaller than in Man, is far more movable than in hira, and can be opposed, like a thumb, to the rest of the foot. None of these apes have tails, and none of them possess the cheek-pouches common among monkeys. Finally, they are all inhabitants of the old world. Sound knowledge respecting the habits and mode of life of the man-like Apes has heen even more difficult of attainment than correct information regarding their structure. Once in a generation, a Wallace may be found physically, mentally, and morally qualified to wander unscathed through the tropical wilds of America and of Asia, to form magnificent collections as he wanders, and withal to think out sagaciously the conclusions suggested by his collections; but, to the ordinary explorer or collector, the dense forests of equatorial Asia and Africa, which constitute the favorite habitation of the Orang, the Chimpanzee, and the Gorilla, present difficulties of no ordinary magnitude; and the man who risks his life by even a short visit to the malarious shores of those regions may well be excused if he shrinks from facing the dangers of the interior; if he contents himself with stimulating the industry of the better seasoned natives, and collecting and collating the more or less mythical reports and traditions with which they are too ready to supply him. In such a manner most of the earlier accounts of the habits of the man-like Apes originated; and even now a good deal of what passes current must be admitted to have The Gibbons are the smallest, slenderest, no very safe foundation. The best informaand longest-limbed of the mau-like Apes; tion we possess is that based almost wholly their arms are longer in proportion to their on direct European testimony respecting bodies than those of any of the other man the Gibbons; the next best evidence relates Like Apes, so that they can touch the ground to the Orangs; while our knowledge of the when erect; their hands are longer than habits of the Chimpanzee and the Gorilla their feet, and they are the only Anthropoids stands much in need of support and enlargewhich possess callosities like the lower mon- ment by additional testimony from instructed keys. They are variously colored. The European eye-witnesses. Orangs have arms which reach to the ankles in the erect position of the animal; their thumbs and great toes are very short, and their feet are longer than their hands. They are covered with reddish-brown hair, and the sides of the face, in adult males, are commonly produced into two crescentic, flexible excrescences, like fatty tumors. The Chimpanzees have arms which reach below the knees; they have large thumbs and great Loes, their hands are longer than their feet,, and their hair is black, while the skin of the face is pale. The Gorilla, lastly, has arms which reach to the middle of the leg, large thumbs, and great toes, feet longer than the hands, a black face, and dark-gray or dun hair. For the purpose which I have at present in view, it is unnecessary that I should enter into any further minutiæ respecting the distinctive characters of the genera and species into which these man-like Apes are divided by naturalists. Suffice it to say, that the Orangs and the Gibbons constitute the distinct genera, Simia and Hylobates; while the Chimpanzees and Gorillas are by some re It will therefore be convenient in endeavoing to form a notion of what we are justified in believing about these animals, to commence with the best known man-like Apes, the Gibbons, and Orangs; and to make use of the perfectly reliable information respecting them as a sort of criterion of the probable truth or falsehood of assertions respecting the others. Of the GIBBONS, half a dozen species are found scattered over the Asiatic islands, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and through Malacca, Siam, Arracan, and an uncertain ex. tent of Hindostan on the main-land of Asia. The largest attain a few inches above three feet in height, from the crown to the heel, so they are shorter than the other manlike Apes, while the slenderness of their bodies ienders their mass far smaller in proportion even to this diminished height. Dr. Salomon Müller, an accomplished Dutch naturalist, who lived for many years in the Eastern Archipelago, and to the result of whose personal experience I shall fre quently have occasion to refer, states that the Gibbons are true mountaineers, loving the slopes and edges of the hills, though they rarely ascend beyond the limit of the fig trees. All day long they haunt the tops of the tall trees, and though, toward evening, they descend in small troops to the open ground, no sooner do they spy a man than they dart up the hillsides and disappear in the darker valleys. FIG. 9.-A Gibbon (H. pileatus), after Wol All observers testify to the prodigious voume of voice possessed by these animals. According to the writer whom I have just cited, in one of them, the Siamang, "the voice is grave and penetrating, resembling the sounds gōck, gōek, gōek, goek, goek ha ha ha ha haaããã, and may be easily heard at a distance of half a league. While the cry is being uttered, the great membranous bag under the throat which communicates with the organ of voice, the so-called laryngeal sac," becomes greatly distended, diminishing again when the creature relapses into Bilence. 66 M. Duvaucel, likewise, affirms that the cry of the Siamang may be heard for miles making the woods ing again. So Mr. Martin describes the cry of the agile Gibbon as overpowering an deafening" in a room, and "from its strength, well calcu lated for resounding through the vast forests." Mr. Waterhouse, an accomplished musician as well as zoologist, says, "The Gibbon's voice is certainly much more powerful than that of any singer I ever heard." And yet it is to be recollected that this animai is not half the height of, and far less bulky in proportion than, a man. There is good testimony that various species of Gibbon readily take to the erect posture. Mr. George Bennett, a very excellent observer, in describing the habits of a male Hylobates syndactylus which remained for some time in his possession, says: "He invariably walks in the erect posture when on a level surface; and then the arms either hang down, enabling him to assist himself with his knuckles; or, what is more usual, he keeps his arms uplifted in nearly an erect position, with the hands pendent ready to seize a rope, and climb up on the approach of danger or on the obtrusion of strangers. He walks rather quick in the erect posture. but with a waddling gait, and is soon run down if, while pursued, he has no opportunity of escaping by climbing. When he walks in the erect posture, he turns the leg and foot outward, which occasions him to have a waddling gait and to seem bowlegged.' Dr. Burrough states of another Gibbon, the Horlack or Hooluk: 64 "They walk erect and when placed or the floor, or in an open field, balance themselves very prettily by raising their hands over their head and slightly bending the arm at the wrist and elbow, and then run tolerably fast, rocking from side to side; and, if urged to greater speed, they let fall their hands to the ground, and assist themselves forward, rather jumping than running, still keeping the body, however, nearly erect." Somewhat different evidence, however, is given by Dr. Winslow Lewis : "Their only manner of walking was on their posterior or inferior cxtremities, the others being raised upward to preserve their equilibrium, as rope-dancers are assisted by long poles at fairs. Their progression was not by placing one foct before the other, but by simultaneously using both, as in jumping." Dr. Salomon Müller also states that the Gibbons progress upon the ground by short series of tottering jumps, effected only by the hind limbs, the body being held altogether upright. But Mr. Martin (1. c. p. 418), who also speaks from direct observation, says of the Gibbons generally: 64 Pre-eminently qualified for arboreal habits, and displaying among the branches amazing activity, the Gibbons are not so awkward or embarrassed on a level surface As might be imagined. They walk erect, |